<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8312</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[C.Tecn. Mat.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8312</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-83122008000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Será o óleo vegetal um possível substituto do óleo mineral para transformadores?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Augusta G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,LABELEC-Grupo EDP Departamento de Materiais Isolantes ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sacavém ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-83122008000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-83122008000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-83122008000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Tendo em conta que a vida útil dum transformador é dada pela vida útil do seu isolamento sólido, é importante adquirir informação sobre o envelhecimento do papel isolante, imerso em óleo vegetal. É aqui relatada uma experiência para caracterização da degradação do papel isolante mergulhado em óleo vegetal, efectuada numa gama de temperaturas de 70ºC a 190 ºC, em condições laboratoriais, Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os produzidos na experiência levada a cabo em simultâneo, em condições experimentais idênticas, mas com um óleo mineral. O papel isolante utilizado foi papel Kraft, enquanto o óleo vegetal usado foi o Biotemp, desenvolvido pela ABB T&D, para uso em transformadores. Para caracterização do processo de degradação do papel e também dos óleos, foram efectuadas várias análises designadamente: O teor de humidade e de gases dissolvidos no óleo, o grau de polimerização viscosimétrico médio do papel e a concentração de produtos furânicos dissolvidos no óleo e absorvidos no papel. Dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que, a velocidade de degradação do papel, em óleo vegetal, embora seja um pouco superior, até 130ºC, à que ocorre em óleo mineral, nas mesmas condições experimentais, é até um pouco inferior a esta (para temperaturas superiores a 130ºC). Finalmente, com base nos resultados desta experiência foram estabelecidas equações matemáticas, que relacionam o valor do grau de polimerização do papel, com a concentração de 2FAL no óleo onde este se encontra imerso, para ambos os óleos (vegetal e mineral).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Uses of natural esters (vegetable oil) as insulating fluid have been reported, recently. This fluid has high biodegradability and high flash point what for safety reasons is attracting some attention in electrical industry. As insulating fluid is used for cooling, insulation and protection of the solid insulating paper, it is important to have some knowledge about the paper ageing in such fluid. It is reported here, a study of paper ageing in vegetable oil, under laboratory experimental condition, at a dynamic temperature increase in the range 70ºC-190°C. The experiment was conducted in sealed glass reaction vessels, for both oil (blank) and oil/paper heated inside an oven. The paper used for this study is kraft paper. Moisture formation at different temperatures, in oil and in oil/paper system, is reported together with generated gases. Changes of degree of polymerization of paper and formation of furanic compounds with changes of temperature are also reported. Paper degradation in vegetable oil is compared with paper degradation in mineral oil. Both degradation rates are similar, at the same temperature. At temperatures under 130 ºC the ageing of paper in vegetable oil is only a little bit quicker, than in mineral oil. However, for temperatures higher than 130 ºC, the rate of paper degradation in vegetable oil is even a little bit lower than in mineral oil. Finally, are also presented the degradation models, developed to calculate the average viscosimetric polymerization degree of paper, based on 2FAL concentration dissolved in insulating oil, in both cases.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Óleo isolante vegetal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Óleo Biotemp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Degradação térmica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Transformador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Papel Kraft]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Grau de polimerização]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[DPv]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Compostos furânicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Furfuraldeído]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[2FAL]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vegetable insulating oil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thermal degradation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transformer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Kraft paper]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biotemp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Polymerization degree]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DPv]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Furanic compounds]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[2-furfuraldheide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[2FAL]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Será o óleo vegetal um possível substituto do óleo mineral    para transformadores?</b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Comparação da degradação térmica do sistema</b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Óleo vegetal /Papel kraft com a do óleo mineral/ Papel kraft</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">M. Augusta G. Martins*</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">*LABELEC-Grupo EDP - Departamento de Materiais Isolantes</p>     <p align="center">Rua Cidade de Goa nº4, 2685-039 Sacavém, Portugal</p>     <p align="center"><a href="mailto:maria.augusta@edp.pt">maria.augusta@edp.pt</a></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>RESUMO: </b>Tendo em conta que a vida    útil dum transformador é dada pela vida útil do seu isolamento sólido, é importante    adquirir informação sobre o envelhecimento do papel isolante, imerso em óleo    vegetal.</p>      <p>É aqui relatada uma experiência para caracterização da degradação do papel isolante mergulhado em óleo vegetal, efectuada numa gama de temperaturas de 70ºC a 190 ºC, em condições laboratoriais, </p>      <p>Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os produzidos na experiência levada a cabo em simultâneo, em condições experimentais idênticas, mas com um óleo mineral.</p>      <p>O papel isolante utilizado foi papel Kraft, enquanto o óleo vegetal usado foi o Biotemp, desenvolvido pela ABB T&amp;D, para uso em transformadores.</p>      <p>Para caracterização do processo de degradação do papel e também dos óleos, foram efectuadas várias análises designadamente:</p>      <p>O teor de humidade e de gases dissolvidos no óleo, o grau de polimerização viscosimétrico médio do papel e a concentração de produtos furânicos dissolvidos no óleo e absorvidos no papel.</p>      <p>Dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que, a velocidade de degradação do papel, em óleo vegetal, embora seja um pouco superior, até 130ºC, à que ocorre em óleo mineral, nas mesmas condições experimentais, é até um pouco inferior a esta (para temperaturas superiores a 130ºC).</p>      <p>Finalmente, com base nos resultados desta experiência foram estabelecidas equações matemáticas, que relacionam o valor do grau de polimerização do papel, com a concentração de 2FAL no óleo onde este se encontra imerso, para ambos os óleos (vegetal e mineral).</p>      <p><b>PALAVRAS CHAVE: </b>Óleo isolante vegetal. Óleo Biotemp. Degradação térmica. Transformador. Papel Kraft. Grau de polimerização. DP<sub>v</sub>. Compostos furânicos. Furfuraldeído. 2FAL.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>ABSTRACT:</b> Uses of natural esters (vegetable oil) as insulating fluid    have been reported, recently. This fluid has high biodegradability and high    flash point what for safety reasons is attracting some attention in electrical    industry. As insulating fluid is used for cooling, insulation and protection    of the solid insulating paper, it is important to have some knowledge about    the paper ageing in such fluid. It is reported here, a study of paper ageing    in vegetable oil, under laboratory experimental condition, at a dynamic temperature    increase in the range 70ºC-190°C. The experiment was conducted in sealed glass    reaction vessels, for both oil (blank) and oil/paper heated inside an oven.    The paper used for this study is kraft paper. Moisture formation at different    temperatures, in oil and in oil/paper system, is reported together with generated    gases. Changes of degree of polymerization of paper and formation of furanic    compounds with changes of temperature are also reported. Paper degradation in    vegetable oil is compared with paper degradation in mineral oil. Both degradation    rates are similar, at the same temperature. At temperatures under 130 ºC the    ageing of paper in vegetable oil is only a little bit quicker, than in mineral    oil.&nbsp; However, for temperatures higher than 130 ºC, the rate of paper degradation    in vegetable oil is even a little bit lower than in mineral oil.</p>      <p>Finally, are also presented the degradation models, developed to calculate the average viscosimetric polymerization degree of paper, based on 2FAL concentration dissolved in insulating oil, in both cases.</p>      <p><b>KEY</b><b> WORDS: </b>Vegetable insulating oil. Thermal degradation. Transformer. Kraft paper. Biotemp. Polymerization degree. DP<sub>v</sub>. Furanic compounds. 2-furfuraldheide. 2FAL.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>      <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>BIBLIOGRAFIA</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>[1] - Oommen, T.V. and Claiborne, C.C. - “Biodegradable insulating fluid from    high oleic vegetable oils” - CIGRÉ, Paper 15-302, Paris, 1998.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=142302&pid=S0870-8312200800020000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p> [2] - Oommen, T.V.; Claiborne, C.C.; Walshi, E.J and Baker, J.P. - “Biodegradable    transformer fluid from high oleic vegetable oils” - Proceedings of the Sixty-Sixth    Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, 1999, Section 5-3.</p>      <p> [3] - Lewand, L.R. - Report of the Doble Oil Committee Meeting, April 14,    1999.</p>      <p>[4] - Kapila, S.; Seemamahannop, R.; Shi, H.; Kittiratanapiboon, K; Koneni,    V.; Kolli, Ranjith; Flanigan, V.; Tumiatti, V. - “Assessment of relative oxidative    stability and physical properties of biogenic insulating oils” - My Transfo    Conference, Torino, 2004.</p>      <p>[5] - Bertrand, Y.; Hoang, L. C.; Valagro - “Vegetable oil as substitute for    mineral insulating oils in medium-voltage equipments”- CIGRÉ, Paper D1-202,    Paris, 2004.</p>      <p>[6] - Oommen, T.V.; Claiborne, C. C.; Mullen, J. T. - “Biodegradable electrical    insulating fluids” - IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference, Chicago, Illinois,    Sept. 22-25, 1997.</p>      <p>[7] - Norma CEI 60567 - “Oil-filled electrical equipment - Sampling of gases    and of oil for analysis of free and dissolved gases - Guidance- 3<sup>rd</sup>    edition, June 2005.</p>      <p>[8] - Norma CEI 60814 - “Insulating liquids - Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard    - Determination of water by automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration” -    2<sup>nd</sup> edition, August 1997.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>[9] - Norma CEI 61198 - “Mineral insulating oils - Methods for the determination    of 2-furfural and related compounds” - 1<sup>st </sup>edition, September 1993.</p>      <p>[10] - Pablo A. - CIGRÉ TF 15-01-03 - Documento interno - 2001.</p>      <p>[11] - Norma CEI 60450 - “Measurement of the average viscometric degree of    polymerization of new and aged cellulosic insulating materials” - 2<sup>nd</sup>    edition, April 2004.</p>      <p>[12] - Mulej, M.; Varl, A; Konc&#7863;n-Gradnik, M. - “Up-to-date experience    on furans for transformers diagnostics” (Documento interno EIMV), 2005.</p>      <p>[13] - Rapp, K.J.; Mcshane, C.P; Luksich, J. - “Interaction mechanisms of natural    ester dielectric fluid and kraft paper” - IEEE International Conference on Dielectric    Liquids, Coimbra, Portugal, 2005.</p>        ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oommen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Claiborne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biodegradable insulating fluid from high oleic vegetable oils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CIGRÉ]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<page-range>302</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
