Functional diversity in “montado” systems: nutrients fluxes in Quercus rotundifolia Lam.
J. D. Nunes1, L. Gazarini1, 2 & M. Madeira3
RESUMO
Os componentes dos ciclos de nutrientes em montados de Quercus rotundifolia Lam., relacionados com a precipitação foram estudados na região de Évora, de Novembro de 1996 a Dezembro de 2000. A precipitação bruta, o gotejo a diferentes distâncias do tronco e o escorrimento ao longo do tronco das árvores foram quantificados de modo contínuo, sendo colhidas amostras semanalmente para se proceder à respectiva caracterização química. A quantidade de nutrientes transferidos para o solo através das diferentes soluções foi também determinada. Verificou-se um acréscimo da concentração das espécies iónicas no gotejo em relação à precipitação bruta, o qual foi ainda mais manifesto no escorrimento ao longo do tronco.
Estudaram-se, igualmente, as características físico-químicas do solo sob e fora da influência da copa destas árvores, num montado relativamente esparso. Além disso, também se avaliou a quantidade das camadas orgânicas e a quantidade de nutrientes aí retidos. As características físicas e químicas do solo apresentaram, de um modo geral, uma diferenciação positiva em resultado da presença das árvores.
Avaliou-se a taxa de mineralização de N nas áreas sob e fora da acção do coberto das árvores, tendo-se observado uma mais elevada disponibilidade deste nutriente nas áreas do sob coberto.
]]> ABSTRACT
Nutrient cycling in Quercus rotundifolia Lam. systems, regarding precipitation was studied at Évora (Southern Portugal), since November of 1996 until December of 2000. The amounts of gross rainfall, throughfall (at different distances from the tree trunk) and stemflow were measured continuously and samples for chemical analysis were collected weekly. The concentration of nutrients was higher in the throughfall than in the gross rainfall, especially in the areas closer to the tree trunk. Nutrients transferred to soil, through bulk rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were quantified. The highest concentration of nutrients was observed in the stemflow water.
Soil physical and chemical characteristics, underneath and outside Quercus rotundifolia crowns, were studied in areas where trees commonly are wide spaced. The amounts of the forest floor litter layer were also evaluated. Soil physical and chemical characteristics showed in general a positive effect with tree presence.
Nitrogen transformation was examined under and outside the influence of the tree canopies. Nitrogen availability was higher in the soil of under crowns areas.
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
Full text only available in PDF format.
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Aguiar, F.B. & Grilo, J.T. 1975. Carta de Solos da Herdade da Mitra. Universidade de Évora, Évora (n/publicado). [ Links ]
Attiwill, P.M. & Leeper, G.W. 1987. Forest Soils and Nutrient Cycles. Melbourne University Press, Victoria.
Baltasar, J.L.; Rego, F.C. & Coutinho, J.M. 1983. Efeitos do coberto de azinheira (Quercus rotundifolia) na ecologia de pastagens à base de trevo subterrâneo. Instituto Universitário de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
Bellot, J., Ávila, A. & Rodrigo, A. 1999. Throughfall and stemflow. In F. Rodà, J. Retana, C.A. Gracia & J. Bellot (eds) Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests. Ecological Studies 137, pp. 209-222. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Bispo, R.M.B. 2002. Meteorologia da camada limite e deposição atmosférica numa superfície vegetal (Eucalyptus globulus). Dissertação de Doutoramento. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa.
Brady, N.C. & Weil, R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 12th ed. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Cortez, N.R.S. 1996. Compartimentos e ciclos de nutrientes em plantações de Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus e Pinus pinaster Aiton. Dissertação de Doutoramento. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa.
Dahlgren, R.A., Singer, M.J. & Huang, X. 1997. Oak tree and grazing impacts on soil properties and nutrients in a California oak woodland. Biogeochemistry, 39: 45-64.
Dahlgren, R.A., Horwath, W.R., Tate, K.T. & Camping, T.J. 2003. Blue oak enhance soil quality in California oak woodlands. California Agriculture, 57(2): 42-47.
Dancette, C. & Poulain, J. F. 1969. Influence of Acacia albida on pedoclimatic factors and crop yields. African Soils, 14: 143-184.
Dorich, R.A. & Nelson, D.W. 1983. Direct colorimetric measurement of ammonium in potassium chloride extracts of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47: 833-836.
]]> Escudero, A.; Garcia, B., Gomez, J.M. & Luis, E. 1985. The nutrient cycling in Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus pyrenaica ecosystems («dehesas») of Spain. Acta Œcologica/Œcologia Plantarum, 6(20): 73-86.Feger, K.H., Brahmer, G. & Zöttl, H.W. 1990. Elements budgets of two contrasting catchmrnts in the Black Forest (Federal Republic of Germany). Journal of Hydrology, 116: 85-99.
Gauquelin, T., Fromard, F., Badri, W. & Dagnac, J. 1992. Apports d’éléments minéraux au sol par l’intermédiaire de la litière, des pluies et des pluviolessivats dans un peuplement à genévrier thurifère (Juniperus thurifera L.) du Haut Atlas occidental (Maroc). Annales des Sciences Forestières, 49: 599-614.
Gersper, P.L. & Holowaychuk, N. 1970. Effects of stemflow water on a Miami soil under a beech tree: II. Chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 34: 786-794.
Giardina, C.P., Ryan, M.G., Hubbard, R.M. & Binkley, D. 2001. Tree species and soil textural controls on carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65: 1272-1279.
Gonzalez, G. L. 1995. La Guía de Incafo de los Árboles y Arbustos de a la Península Ibérica. Las guías verdes de incafo nº 4, 6ta ed. Incafo, Madrid.
Houba, V.J.G., Novozamsky, I. & Tenminghoff, E. 1994. Soil Analysis Procedures. Departement of Soil Science And Plant Nutrition, Wageninen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
Jackson, L.E., Strauss, R.B., Firestone, M.K. & Bartolome, J.W. 1990. Influence of tree canopies on grassland productivity and nitrogen dynamics in deciduous oak savanna. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32: 89-105.
Joffre, R. & Rambal, S. 1988. Soil water improvement by trees in rangelands of southern Spain. Acta OEcologica, 9(4): 405-422.
Kretinin, V.M. 1993. Change in soil properties in the tree trunk zone of forest windbreak belts. Eurasian Soil Science, 25: 88-96.
]]> Moreno, G., Gallardo, J.F. & Bussotti, F. 2001. Canopy modification of atmospheric deposition in oligotrophic Quercus pyrenaica forests of an unpolluted region (central-western Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 149: 47-60.Murphy, J. & Riley, J.P. 1962. A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27: 31-36.
Muoghalu, J.I. & Oakhumen, A. 2000. Nutrient content of incident rainfall, through-fall and stemflow in a Nigerian secondary lowland rain forest. Applied Vegetation Science, 3: 181-188.
Nunes, J.D., Sá, C., Soares-David, T., Madeira, M. & Gazarini, L. 1999. Interacção entre o ciclo de nutrientes em montados de Quercus rotundifolia Lam. e as características do solo. Revista de Biologia, 17:311-325.
Nunes, J. D., Sá, C.,Soares-David, T., Madeira, M. & Gazarini, L. 2001. Influência de árvores isoladas de Quercus rotundifolia Lam.. nas características do solo. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 24:211-226.
Parker, G.G. 1983. Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle. Advances in Ecological Research, 13: 57-133.
Patra, A.K., Jarvis, S.C. & Hatch, D.J. 1999. Nitrogen mineralization in soil layers, soil particles and macro-organic matter under grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 29: 38-45.
Paul, K.I., Polglase, P.J., O’Connell, A.M., Carlyle, C.J., Smethurst, P.J. & Khanna, P.K. 2002. Soil nitrogen availability predictor (SNAP): a simple model for predicting mineralization of nitrogen in forest soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 40: 1011-1026.
Raison, R.J., Connell, M.J. & Khanna, P.K. 1987. Methodology for studying fluxes of soil mineral-N in situ. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19:521-530.
Reis, R.M.M. & Gonçalves, M.Z. 1985. Caracterização climática da região agrícola do Alentejo. O Clima de Portugal, Fascículo XXXIV, I.N.M.G., Lisboa.
]]> Rodà, F., Àvila, A. & Bonilla, D. 1990. Precipitation, throughfall, soil solution and stream-water chemistry in a holm-oak (Quercus ilex) forest. Journal of Hydrology, 116: 167-183.Rovira, P. & Vallejo, V.R. 1997. Organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization under Mediterranean climatic conditions: the effects of incubation depth. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 1509-1520.
Ryan, P.J. & McGarity, J.W. 1983. The nature and spatial variability of soil properties adjacent to large forest eucalypts. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47:286-293.
Seiler, J. & Matzner, E. 1995. Spatial variability of throughfall chemistry and selected soil properties as influenced by stem distance in a mature Norway spruce (Picea abies, Karst.). Plant and Soil, 176: 139-147.
Serrasolses, I. & Vallejo, V.R. 1999. Soil fertility after fire and clear-cutting. In F. Rodà, J. Retana, C.A. Gracia & J. Bellot (eds) Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests. Ecological Studies 137, pp. 315-328. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Sokal, R.R. & Rolf, F.J. 1995. Biometry. 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Sprent, P. 1993. Applied nonparametric statistical methods. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London.
Takahashi, A., Sato, K., Wakamatsu, T. & Fujita, S. 2001. Atmospheric deposition of acidifying components to a Japanese cedar forest. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 130: 559-564.
Velthorst, E.J. & Van Breemen, N. 1989. Changes in the composition of rainwater upon passage through the canopies of trees and of ground vegetation in a Dutch oak-birch forest. Plant and Soil, 119: 81-85.
Veneklaas, E.J. 1990. Nutrient fluxes in bulk precipitation and throughfall in two montane tropical rain forests, Colombia. Journal of Ecology, 78: 974-992.
]]> Vestgarden, L.S., Selle, L.T. & Stuanes, A.O. 2003. In situ soil nitrogen mineralisation in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand: effects of increased nitrogen input. Forest Ecology and Management, 176: 205-216.Vitousek, P.M., Goz, J.R., Grier, C.C., Melillo, J.M. & Reiners, W.A. 1982. A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs, 52: 155-177.
Vitousek, P.M. & Howarth, R.W. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea-how can it occur?. Byogeochemistry, 13: 87-115.
Voigt, G.K. 1960. Distribution of rainfall under forest stands. Forest Science, 6: 2-10.
Wolfe, M.H., Kelly, J.M. & Wolt, J.D. 1987. Soil pH and extractable sulfate-sulfur distribution as influenced by tree species and distance from the stem. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51: 1042-1046.
Zinke, P.J. 1962. The pattern of influence of individual forest trees on soil properties. Ecology, 43 (1): 130-133.
1 Dep. Biologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora; e-mail: jdnunes@uevora.pt; 2 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias Mediterrâneas (ICAM), Universidade de Évora; 3 Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente, Instituto Superior de Agronomia
]]>