Influence of temperature and soil moisture on leaf area and dry matter accumulation during establishment of pea, maize and sunflower
RESUMO
O crescimento foliar e a acumulação de matéria seca durante o estabelecimento da ervilha (Pisum sativum L., var. Ballet), do milho (Zea mays L., var. Lorena) e do girassol (Helianthus annuus L., var. Flora-sol) foram estudados em função da temperatura e do teor de água num solo Pmg(Évora) e num Cb (Lisboa), entre Junho de 1995 e Novembro de 1996. Mediu-se a temperatura do solo a 2 e 4 cm de profundidade, a temperatura do ar e a humidade do solo. A área foliar das plântulas foi estimada a partir de medições do comprimento e da largura de cada folha. A acumulação de matéria seca foi avaliada pela pesagem da parte aérea das plântulas após secagem em estufa. Os dados foram analisados com base no conceito de tempo térmico.
Para teores de humidade superiores a 50% da capacidade utilizável de cada solo, a área foliar durante o estabelecimento da ervilha e do milho aumentou linearmente com a temperatura acumulada, enquanto que a do girassol aumentou exponencialmente durante o mesmo período. A relação entre a acumulação de matéria seca de qualquer das culturas e a temperatura acumulada foi exponencial. O tipo de solo influenciou significativamente o “início da expansão foliar” da ervilha e do girassol, a “taxa térmica de expansão foliar” do milho e a acumulação de matéria seca da ervilha e do milho. O “início da expansão foliar” da ervilha ocorreu mais cedo no solo Cb enquanto que o do girassol ocorreu mais cedo no solo Pmg. A expansão foliar do milho foi mais rápida no solo Pmg. A acumulação de matéria seca da ervilha foi mais rápida no solo Cb, enquanto que a do girassol foi mais rápida no solo Pmg. Em ambos os solos, baixos teores de humidade afectaram negativamente a expansão da área foliar e a acumulação de matéria seca.
ABSTRACT
]]> Leaf area expansion and accumulation of dry matter during the establishment of pea (Pisum sativum L., var. Ballet), maize (Zea mays L., var. Lorena) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., var. Florasol) were studied at different temperatures and soil moisture contents in a Vertisol (Lisboa)and a Luvisol (Évora) from June 1995 to November 1996. Measurements were made of soil temperature at 2 and 4 cm depth, air temperature and soil water content. Leaf area per plant was estimated from measurements of the length and width of each leaf. Above ground seedling dry matter was weighed after oven drying. Data analysis was based on the thermal time concept.For water contents above 50% of the available capacity of each soil, leaf area of pea and maize increased linearly with accumulated temperature while that of sunflower increased exponentially. Dry matter of all crops increased exponentially with accumulated temperature. Significant differences between the two types of soil were found on the “initiation of leaf area expansion” of pea and sunflower, on the “thermal-rate for leaf area expansion” of maize and on the dry matter accumulation of pea and maize seedlings. The “initiation of leaf expansion” of pea occurred earlier in soil Cb while that of sunflower occurred earlier in soil Pmg. Leaf area expansion of maize was faster in soil Pmg. Dry matter accumulation of pea was faster in soil Cb while that of sunflower was faster in soil Pmg. In both soils, low soil water contents reduced leaf area expansion and dry matter accumulation of the crops.
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1 Departamento de Geociências, Universidade de Évora- Colégio Luís António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal, Tel 266745300, Fax 26674539, e-mail: zalex@uevora.pt
2 Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349017 Lisboa, Portugal. e-mail: fgabreu@isa.utl.pt
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