<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0871-018X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Ciências Agrárias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. de Ciências Agrárias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0871-018X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade de Ciências Agrárias de Portugal]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0871-018X2024000100411</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19084/rca.34988</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Origen de la resistencia a los inhibidores de ALS en poblaciones europeas de Amaranthus palmeri]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The origin of ALS-inhibitor resistance in European populations of Amaranthus palmeri]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manicardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarabel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llenes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josep Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osuna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Dolores]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel Torra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Lleida Departamento de Ciencias y Ingeniería Forestal y Agrícola ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lleida ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto para la Protección Sostenible de Plantas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Legnaro ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Generalitat de Catalunya Unidad de Ciencia de las Malas Hierbas del Servicio de Protección de Plantas DARP]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lleida ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica de Extremadura Departamento de Protección de Plantas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Badajoz ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>411</fpage>
<lpage>420</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0871-018X2024000100411&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0871-018X2024000100411&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0871-018X2024000100411&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Poblaciones resistentes de Amaranthus palmeri a inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS) están presentes en España e Italia, pero el origen evolutivo de la resistencia sigue siendo desconocido. En este estudio se evalúa la respuesta de once poblaciones de A. palmeri a los inhibidores de ALS, y se utiliza un método genético basado en haplotipos para estudiar origen y distribución de la resistencia. Todas las poblaciones eran resistentes a tifensulfurón-metil (THIF) y imazamox (IMA). La mutación en el alelo Trp-574-Leu del gen ALS era la causa principal de la resistencia cruzada en ambos países. En dos poblaciones españolas también se encontraron alelos mutantes en 376-Glu y 197-Thr. Los análisis genéticos revelaron la presencia de siete haplotipos distintos en las poblaciones española y dos en las italianas. Ninguno haplotipo era común a ambos países. Las poblaciones resistentes a ALS fueron introducidas en Italia y España desde fuera de Europa. Sus historias evolutivas son diferentes y los eventos de introducción son independientes. La resistencia a los inhibidores de ALS se propagó a cortas y largas distancias mediante la dispersión de semillas. El mayor número y diversidad genética entre los haplotipos españolas indican invasiones recurrentes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Resistant populations of Amaranthus palmeri to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are present in Spain and Italy, but the evolutionary origin of resistance remains unknown. This study assesses the response of eleven populations of A. palmeri to ALS inhibitors and employs a haplotype-based genetic method to investigate the origin and distribution of resistance. All populations were resistant to thifensulfuron-methyl (THIF) and imazamox (IMA). The mutation in the Trp-574-Leu allele of the ALS gene was the primary cause of cross-resistance in both countries. Mutant alleles at 376-Glu and 197-Thr were also found in two Spanish populations. Genetic analyses revealed the presence of seven distinct haplotypes in the Spanish populations and three in the Italian ones. No haplotype was common to both countries. ALS-resistant populations were introduced to Italy and Spain from outside Europe. Their evolutionary histories differ, and the introduction events are independent. Resistance to ALS inhibitors spread over short and long distances through seed dispersal. The higher number and genetic diversity among Spanish haplotypes indicate recurrent invasions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Amaranthus palmeri]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inhibidores de la ALS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de haplotipos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[origen de la resistencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[difusión de la resistencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Amaranthus palmeri]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ALS-inhibitors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[haplotype analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[origin of resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[resistance spread]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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