<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0871-018X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Ciências Agrárias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. de Ciências Agrárias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0871-018X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade de Ciências Agrárias de Portugal]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0871-018X2025000100031</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19084/rca.37884</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Nemátodes entomopatogénicos: agentes de proteção biológica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Entomopathogenic nematodes: biological control agents]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elsa Borges da]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ceballos-Burgos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivânia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maleita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Lisbon Instituto Superior de Agronomia Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory Terra]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Coimbra Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People &amp; the Planet (CFE), Associate Laboratory Terra, Department of Life Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Coimbra Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Alltech Crop Science  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0871-018X2025000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0871-018X2025000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0871-018X2025000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Sumário Nesta revisão evidencia-se o elevado potencial de utilização de nemátodes entomopatogénicos (NEP) como agentes de proteção biológica na redução das populações de insetos fitófagos que causam estragos e/ou insetos vetores de doenças, em produção sustentável de alimentos, como alternativa ou complemento aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos. Descobertos em 1923, a sua comercialização como biopesticidas iniciou-se em 1976 e, desde essa altura, tem-se assistido ao aumento exponencial da investigação nesta área. Apresenta-se informação sobre os NEP quanto à sua biologia, ecologia, modo de ação, aplicação, vantagens e limitações à utilização, bem como exemplos. Dadas as suas caraterísticas, que incluem uma grande variedade de hospedeiros associados, o uso de NEP representa uma opção sustentável e de longo prazo na redução das populações de insetos fitófagos, e a sua aplicação adequa-se a programas de produção integrada e de agricultura biológica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This review highlights the high potential for using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) as biological control agents in reducing populations of phytophagous insects that cause damage and/or act as insect vectors for diseases, in sustainable food production, serving as an alternative or complement to pesticide use. Discovered in 1923, their commercialization as biopesticides began in 1976 and, since then, there has been an exponential increase in research in this field. Information is presented on EPN regarding their biology, ecology, mode of action, application, advantages and limitations, along with examples. Given their characteristics, which include a wide variety of associated hosts, the use of EPN represents a sustainable long-term option for reducing populations of phytophagous insects. Their application is suitable for integrated production and organic farming programs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[bioinsecticida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[limitação natural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Heterorhabditis spp.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Steinernema spp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioinsecticide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[natural control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Heterorhabditis spp.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Steinernema spp]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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