<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0871-3413</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Arquivos de Medicina]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Arq Med]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0871-3413</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ArquiMed - Edições Científicas AEFMUP ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0871-34132006000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Evolução do pensamento epidemiológico: O Ser de uma Disciplina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution of the epidemiological thinking]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>125</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0871-34132006000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0871-34132006000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0871-34132006000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A epidemiologia é reconhecida como uma ciência fundamental para a saúde pública e para a clínica, fornecendo aproximações técnicas, soluções metodológicas e informações originais indispensáveis para responder aos desafios da saúde, enquanto problemas a identificar, problemas a resolver e medidas do efeito das decisões empreendidas. A extensão do método que a justifica como disciplina científica autónoma e o carácter abrangente dos domínios que engloba, tanto fundamentais como substantivos, fazem da epidemiologia uma das mais fascinantes e, por natureza, modernas áreas do pensamento e do conhecimento médicos. Neste artigo são identificados os acontecimentos que ao longo da história marcaram a evolução do pensamento epidemiológico e os desafios que actualmente se colocam à disciplina.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Epidemiology is recognized as a fundamental science for both public health and clinics, providing technical approaches, methodological solutions and original information essential to answer the different challenges posed in the field of health research, from the identification of needs to the evaluation of interventions. The extent of the method that justifies epidemiology as an autonomous scientific discipline and the comprehensiveness of its domains, both fundamental and substantive, make epidemiology one of the most fascinating and, by nature, modern areas of medical knowledge and reasoning. This article covers the landmarks that contributed to shape the epidemiological thinking throughout history, and the challenges currently faced by this discipline.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[epidemiologia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[história]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epidemiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[history]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <B>Evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o do Pensamento Epidemiol&oacute;gico</B>      <p align="justify">O Ser de uma Disciplina </p>    <P align="justify">Henrique Barros </P>     <P >Servi&ccedil;o de Higiene e Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade    do Porto </P>     <P >&nbsp;</P>     <P ><b>Resumo</b></P>     <P align="justify"   >A epidemiologia &eacute; reconhecida como uma ci&ecirc;ncia fundamental para    a sa&uacute;de p&uacute;blica e para a cl&iacute;nica, fornecend</B>o aproxima&ccedil;&otilde;es    t&eacute;cnicas, solu&ccedil;&otilde;es metodol&oacute;gicas e informa&ccedil;&otilde;es    originais indispens&aacute;veis para responder aos desafios da sa&uacute;de,    enquanto problemas a identificar, problemas a resolver e medidas do efeito das    decis&otilde;es empreendidas. A extens&atilde;o do m&eacute;todo que a justifica    como disciplina cient&iacute;fica aut&oacute;noma e o car&aacute;cter abrangente    dos dom&iacute;nios que engloba, tanto fundamentais como substantivos, fazem    da epidemiologia uma das mais fascinantes e, por natureza, modernas &aacute;reas    do pensamento e do conhecimento m&eacute;dicos. Neste artigo s&atilde;o identificados    os acontecimentos que ao longo da hist&oacute;ria marcaram a evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o    do pensamento epidemiol&oacute;gico e os desafios que actualmente se colocam    &agrave; disciplina. </P>     <P   ><B>Palavras-chave</B>: epidemiologia; hist&oacute;ria</P>     <P   >&nbsp;</P>     <P   ><b>Abstract</b></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><b>Evolution of the Epidemiological Thinking</b></P>     <P align="justify"   >Epidemiology is recognized as a fundamental science for both public health and    clinics, providing technical approaches, methodological solutions and original    information essential to answer the different challenges posed in the field    of health research, from the identification of needs to the evaluation of interventions.    The extent of the method that justifies epidemiology as an autonomous scientific    discipline and the comprehensiveness of its domains, both fundamental and substantive,    make epidemiology one of the most fascinating and, by nature, modern areas of    medical knowledge and reasoning. This article covers the landmarks that contributed    to shape the epidemiological thinking throughout history, and the challenges    currently faced by this discipline. </P>     <P   ><b>Key-words</b>: epidemiology; history</P>     <P   >&nbsp;</P>     <P   >Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <P>&nbsp;</P>          <P align="justify"><B>REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS </B></P>          <P   align="" >1 -Barros H. Relat&oacute;rio pedag&oacute;gico. Disciplina de Epidemiologia.    1994. </P >     <!-- ref --><P   align="" >2 - Burton GW, Ingold KU. Beta-carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant.    Science 1984;224:569-73.</P >     &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000022&pid=S0871-3413200600030000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P   align="" > 3 - Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology. Little, Brown and Company. Boston, Toronto,    1986. </P >     <P   align="justify" >4 - The challenge of epidemiology. Issues and selected readings. Pan American    Health Organization. Sci Pub 505, 1998. </P >     <P   align="justify" >5 - Ricon-Ferraz A. A protec&ccedil;&atilde;o da sa&uacute;de em Portugal. O    exemplo portuense. Actas do IV Congresso Luso-Espanhol de Demografia. Universidade    do Minho. Braga, 1992. </P >     <P   align="justify" >6 - Lemos M. Hist&oacute;ria da medicina em Portugal. Vol I e II. Publica&ccedil;&otilde;es    Dom Quixote/Ordem dos M&eacute;dicos. Lisboa 1991. </P>     <P   align="">7 - Abeu JR. Historiologia M&eacute;dica. Tomo primerio. Lisboa Occidental,1733.  </P >     <P   align="">8 - Teaching epidemiology. Olsen J, Trichopoulos D. Oxford University    Press, 1993. </P >       9 - Trostle J. Early work in anthropology and epidemiology: from social  medicine to germ theory, 1840-1920. Em Anthropology and Epidemiology. Janes CR,  Stall R, Gifford SM, ed. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Holanda, 1986.      <P   align="justify" >10 - Lilienfeld DE, Stolley PD. Foundations of epidemiology. 3&ordf; Ed. Oxford    University Press, 1994. </P >     <P   align="justify" >11 - Buck C. Popper&rsquo;s philosophy for epidemiologists. Int J Epidemiol 1975;4:159-68.  </P >     <P   align="justify" >12 - Olsen J. Some consequences of adopting a conditional deterministic causal    model in epidemiology. Eur J Public Health 1993;3:204-9. </P >     <P   align="justify" >13 - Vandenbroucke JP. Is &ldquo;the causes of cancer&rdquo; a miasma theory    for the end of the twentieth century? Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:708-9. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   align="justify" >14 - McLure M. Popperian refutation in epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:343-50.  </P >     <P   align="justify" >15 - Petitti DB. The implications of alternative views about causal inference    for the work of the practing epidemiologist. Em Causal Inference. Rothman KJ    Ed. ERI, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 1988. </P >     <P   align="justify" >16 - Granada E, Breilh J. Sa&uacute;de na sociedade. Cortez Editora/ Abrasco.    Brasil, 1989. </P >     <P   align="justify" >17 -Vandenbroucke JP. Evidence-based medicine and &ldquo;M&eacute;decine d&rsquo;observation&rdquo;.    J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:1335-8. </P >     <P   >18 - Morabia A. P. C. A. Louis and the birth of clinical epidemiology. J Clin    Epidemiol 1996;49:1327-33. </P >     <P   align="justify" >19 - Winkelstein W. Editorial: Eras, paradigmas, and the future of epidemiology.    Am J Public Health 1996;86:621-2. </P >     <P   align="justify" >20 - Glass RI. New prospects for epidemiologic investigation.Science 1986;234:951-5.  </P >     <P   align="justify" >21 - Todd JW. The error of medicine. Lancet 1970; I: 665-70. </P >     <P   align="justify" >22 - Langmuir AD. The territory of epidemiology: Pentimento. J Infect Dis 1987;155:349-58.  </P >     <P   >23 - Susser M, Susser E. Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box    to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology. Am J Public Health 1996;86:674-7. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >24 - Koopman JS. Comment: Emerging objectives and methods in epidemiology. Am    J Public Health 1996;86:630-2. </P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <p   ><B>Correspond&ecirc;ncia</B>: </p >     <P   ></B>Prof. Henrique Barros </P >     <P   >Servi&ccedil;o de Higiene e Epidemiologia Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade    do Porto </P >     <P   >Alameda Prof. Hern&acirc;ni Monteiro 4200-319 Porto </P >     <P   >e-mail: <a href="mailto:hbarros@med.up.pt">hbarros@med.up.pt</a> </P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KU]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Beta-carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<numero>224</numero>
<issue>224</issue>
<page-range>569-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
