<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0872-0169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Port J Nephrol Hypert]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0872-0169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Nefrologia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0872-01692021000200106</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32932/pjnh.2021.07.130</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immature hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas: What should we aim for?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rui F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diniz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Relvas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silvano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malheiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coentrão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João Nephrology Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Nephrology &amp; Infectious Diseases R&amp;D]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Porto Faculty of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>106</fpage>
<lpage>110</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0872-01692021000200106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0872-01692021000200106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0872-01692021000200106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the first-choice vascular access for most HD patients. Up to 60% of AVFs do not mature adequately, mostly due to stenosis. Surgical and endovascular techniques can rescue up to 80% of these AVFs from primary failure, allowing them to be safely and effectively used in HD, preserving venous capital, and avoiding placement of CVCs and associated complications. This article reviews and summarizes the existing literature, offering a practical approach on early identification, treatment, and monitoring of immature AVFs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[arteriovenous fistula]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hemodialysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[angioplasty.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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