<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0872-0754</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nascer e Crescer]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nascer e Crescer]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0872-0754</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Hospitalar do Porto]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0872-07542022000200137</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25753/birthgrowthmj.v31.i2.26112</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia: Two Sides of the Same Coin]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Hipocalémia e Hipercalémia: Dois Lados da Mesma Moeda]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tavares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria do Sameiro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Conceição]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Pediatric Nephrology Unit]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>137</fpage>
<lpage>147</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0872-07542022000200137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0872-07542022000200137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0872-07542022000200137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Potassium (K+) is the main intracellular cation and is crucial for normal cellular function, especially during children&#8217;s development and growth course. Changes in the homeostatic mechanisms of potassium regulation can lead to hypokalemia or hyperkalemia.  Objective:  This study aimed to provide a narrative review of this common, yet complex, condition of the clinical practice.  Development/Conclusion:  A comprehensive knowledge of the physiology of potassium metabolism is required to diagnose and treat its disturbances. Nearly 98% of potassium is intracellular, with the concentration gradient maintained by the sodium (Na+)/K+ ATPase pump located in the plasma membrane of cells. Several mechanisms, as &#946;-adrenergic tone, insulin, and acid-base status, interfere with potassium intracellular distribution, but it is the kidney that has the key role in determining the total body potassium content, as it is responsible for approximately 80% of its excretion. The causes of hypokalemia are a mirror of hyperkalemia. Although these are two different entities, both require prompt intervention. The rate of correction depends on the severity of symptoms, presence of changes in electrocardiogram, and time of development of the disorder.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  O potássio (K+) é o principal catião intracelular, sendo um elemento essencial para o normal funcionamento das células, especialmente em crianças, que se encontram numa fase de desenvolvimento e crescimento. Alterações nos mecanismos fisiológicos que regulam a homeostasia do potássio podem levar a hipocalémia ou hipercalémia.  Objetivo:  Este estudo pretendeu efetuar uma revisão narrativa deste tema tão comum mas complexo da prática clínica.  Desenvolvimento/Conclusão:  O reconhecimento da fisiopatologia subjacente ao metabolismo do potássio é essencial para estabelecer o diagnóstico e tratar os seus distúrbios. A enzima sódio (Na+)/K+-ATPase, localizada na membrana celular, é a principal responsável pela manutenção do potássio dentro das células. Vários mecanismos interferem com a distribuição intracelular de potássio, nomeadamente a atividade &#946;-adrenérgica, a insulina e o equilíbrio ácido-base, mas é o rim que tem o principal papel na determinação da quantidade corporal total de potássio, sendo responsável por aproximadamente 80% da sua excreção. As causas de hipocalémia são um espelho das causas de hipercalémia e, embora sejam entidades opostas, ambas requerem intervenção imediata. A rapidez da correção depende da gravidade dos sintomas, das alterações eletrocardiográficas e do tempo de instalação do distúrbio.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dyskalemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hyperkalemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hypokalemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[potassium disturbance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[potassium homeostasis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[renal physiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[discalémia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[distúrbio do potássio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fisiologia renal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[hipercalémia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[hipocalémia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[homeostasia do potássio]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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