<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0872-0754</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nascer e Crescer]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nascer e Crescer]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0872-0754</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Hospitalar do Porto]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0872-07542024000400255</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25753/birthgrowthmj.v33.i4.34866</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Unplanned teenage pregnancy and adolescent sexual behavior]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Gravidez não planeada e comportamento sexual na adolescência]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís Ferreira de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa Zulmira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde de Santo António Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>255</fpage>
<lpage>262</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0872-07542024000400255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0872-07542024000400255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0872-07542024000400255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The teenage years are a pivotal period of physical and psychological change. These formative years play a critical role in shaping an individual&#8217;s transition to adulthood. Early childbearing or pregnancy, especially if unplanned, can significantly disrupt a young woman&#8217;s development, adversely affecting her health, education, and future income potential. Pregnant teenagers are often pressured to drop out of school, with implications in their educational opportunities and career prospects. Understanding the long-term consequences of teenage pregnancy is essential to developing effective interventions and addressing its underlying causes. This narrative review examines the incidence, risk factors, impact, and preventive measures associated with teenage pregnancy. Worldwide, the incidence of pregnancy before the age of 18 is approximately 15%. Teenage pregnancy is closely related to adolescent sexual behavior. While condom use has slightly declined, awareness of the associated risks - such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancy - remains a major concern. Several interrelated risk factors contribute to this problem, including age, education level, economic status, mental health, and family environment. Moreover, teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight, as well as higher rates of psychiatric disorders and socioeconomic challenges. The implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies, such as family and community involvement, is crucial. In Portugal, laws support sex education, access to contraception, and voluntary termination of pregnancy. Although the birth rate among Portuguese teenagers has declined significantly since the 1970s, it remains a major public health concern. Addressing the social, physical, and mental health risks associated with adolescent pregnancy requires a comprehensive approach that includes sexual education, accessible health services, mental health support, and promotion of contraceptive use among both girls and boys.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A adolescência é um período complexo de mudanças físicas e psicológicas na vida dos jovens. Estes anos de formação terão inevitavelmente um impacto no curso da vida adulta. A maternidade precoce e a gravidez na adolescência podem perturbar o desenvolvimento das adolescentes através de um impacto negativo na saúde e no percurso educativo e diminuição dos rendimentos futuros. Muitas adolescentes grávidas são pressionadas a abandonar a escola, limitando as suas perspetivas e oportunidades educativas e profissionais. O reconhecimento das consequências negativas a longo prazo da gravidez e natalidade na adolescência é essencial para abordar o problema. Esta revisão da literatura analisa a incidência, fatores de risco, impacto e medidas de prevenção da gravidez na adolescência. A incidência global de gravidez antes dos 18 anos de idade é cerca de 15%. A gravidez na adolescência está intimamente associada ao comportamento sexual dos adolescentes: o uso do preservativo diminuiu ligeiramente, enquanto a consciencialização sobre os riscos associados, como infeções sexualmente transmissíveis e gravidez não planeada, continua a ser uma preocupação. A idade, educação, estatuto socioeconómico, saúde mental e ambiente familiar são fatores de risco associados a este problema. Para além disso, a gravidez na adolescência está associada a resultados obstétricos adversos, como parto prematuro e baixo peso ao nascimento, e taxas mais elevadas de doenças psiquiátricas e problemas socioeconómicos. São essenciais estratégias de prevenção baseadas em evidência que incluam o envolvimento da família e da comunidade. Em Portugal, as leis promovem a educação sexual, o acesso à contraceção e a interrupção voluntária da gravidez, contribuindo para a mitigação deste problema. Embora a taxa de natalidade das adolescentes portuguesas tenha diminuído desde os anos 70, continua a ser um problema de saúde importante. A redução dos riscos sociais, físicos e de saúde mental associados à gravidez na adolescência requer uma abordagem abrangente que inclua educação sexual, cuidados de saúde acessíveis, apoio à saúde mental e fomento do aumento do uso de contracetivos entre raparigas e rapazes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[adolescence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pregnancy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sexual behavior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[adolescência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[comportamento sexual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[gravidez]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Adolescent pregnancy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganchimeg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morisaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laopaiboon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lumbiganon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a World Health Organization multicountry study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assefi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[School-based teenage pregnancy prevention programs: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of adolescent health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations Children's Fund</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Early childbearing]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Taxa de fecundidade por grupo etário]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bearak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popinchalk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganatra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tunçalp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ö]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beavin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990-2019]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet. Global health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>e1152-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canavarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedrosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gravidez e parentalidade na adolescência: perspetivas teóricas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Saúde Reprodutiva - Sexualidade e Sociedade]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>34-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A saúde dos adolescentes portugueses (Quatro anos depois)]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade Técnica de Lisboa; PEPT &amp; Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Saúde dos Adolescentes após a Recessão - Dados nacionais 2018]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Projeto Aventura Social &amp; Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simões]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Saúde dos Adolescentes em Tempo de Recessão - Dados nacionais do estudo HBSC de 2014 - Relatório do estudo HBSC 2014]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais/Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa &amp; Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simões]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aventura Social &amp; Saúde, A Saúde dos adolescentes portugueses - Relatório Final do Estudo HBSC 2010]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais/IHMT/UNL; FMH/Universidade Técnica de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J-E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comprehensive understanding of risk and protective factors related to adolescent pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries A systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Adolescence]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>180-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amoran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparative analysis of predictors of teenage pregnancy and its prevention in a rural town in Western Nigeria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal for Equity in Health]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maravilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors influencing repeated teenage pregnancy A review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<collab>Couto E Cruz C.Alati.R</collab>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>217</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>527-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SMC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ST]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social issues of teenage pregnancy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Câmara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Family psychosocial characteristics, tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use, and teenage pregnancy]]></article-title>
<collab>Aerts DRG de C.Alves GG.Béria JU</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cadernos De Saúde Publica]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1654-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fasula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brittain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tevendale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koumans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Socioecological risk factors associated with teen pregnancy or birth for young men A scoping review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Adolescence]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>130-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[East]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slonim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trinh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How an adolescent&amp;apos;s childbearing affects siblings&amp;apos; pregnancy risk A qualitative study of Mexican American youths]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>210-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raatikainen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heiskanen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verkasalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinonen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Public Health]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>157-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diedrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peipert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-acting reversible contraception in adolescents A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>216</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>364</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brosens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gargett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puttemans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benagiano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brosens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of uterine immaturity on obstetrical syndromes during adolescence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X-K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleming]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demissie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rhoads]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes A large population based retrospective cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Epidemiology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>368-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malabarey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balayla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shrim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abenhaim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pregnancies in young adolescent mothers A population-based study on 37 million births]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>98-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawakita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grantz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C-C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez-Lobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Adolescent Pregnancy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>130-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gulerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daglar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pregnancy in Adolescence Is It an Obstetrical Risk?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>367-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marvin-Dowle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kilner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soltani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of adolescent age on maternal and neonatal outcomes in the Born in Bradford cohort]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Open]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezechi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BKE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezechi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogunniyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Poor obstetric performance of teenagers Is it age- or quality of care-related?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: The Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>395-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haldre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is a poor pregnancy outcome related to young maternal age A study of teenagers in Estonia during the period of major socio-economic changes (from 1992 to 2002)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevens-Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGregor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does incomplete growth and development predispose teenagers to preterm delivery A template for research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>315-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Santos MMA de S.Baião MR.de Barros DC.Pinto A de A.Pedrosa PLM.Saunders C</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pre-pregnancy nutritional status, maternal weight gain, prenatal care, and adverse perinatal outcomes among adolescent mothers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>143-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kingston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heaman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chalmers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of adolescent, young adult, and adult women&amp;apos;s maternity experiences and practices]]></article-title>
<collab>Maternity Experiences Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System.Public Health Agency of Canada</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>e1228-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GHND]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of maternal age on perinatal outcomes and mode of delivery]]></article-title>
<collab>Martins M da G.Sousa M da S.Batalha S de JC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira De Ginecologia E Obstetrícia: Revista Da Federação Brasileira Das Sociedades De Ginecologia E Obstetrícia]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>326-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devoe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Double jeopardy Depressive symptoms and rapid subsequent pregnancy in adolescent mothers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>162</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>246-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moffitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teen-aged mothers in contemporary Britain]]></article-title>
<collab>E-Risk Study Team</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>727-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wall-Wieler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[BMC Pregnancy and]]></article-title>
<collab>Nickel NC Teenage pregnancy: The impact of maternal adolescent childbearing and older sister&amp;apos;s teenage pregnancy on a younger sister</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Childbirth]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>120</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COMMITTEE ON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ADOLESCENCE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis of Pregnancy and Providing Options Counseling for the Adolescent Patient]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>140</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Maternidade na adolescência: Do risco à prevenção]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Psicossomática]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solomon-Fears]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teenage Pregnancy Prevention: Statistics and Programs]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Decreto Lei nº259/2000 de 17 de Outubro do Ministério da Educação, Diário da República n.º 240/2000, Série I-A de 2000-10-17, páginas 5784 - 5786, 2000]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Divisão de Saúde Sexual Reprodutiva Infantil e Juvenil</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Relatório dos Registos das Interrupções da Gravidez |2018]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charlton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teenage pregnancy prevention: the role of young men]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current opinion in pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>393-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edvardsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spelten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Male adolescents' role in pregnancy prevention and unintended pregnancy in rural Victoria: health care Professional's and educators' perspectives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC pregnancy and childbirth]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>245</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Sociedade Portuguesa da Contraceção</collab>
<collab>Sociedade Portuguesa de Ginecologia</collab>
<collab>Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina da Reprodução</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Consenso sobre Contraceção 2020]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Gynecologic Practice</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peipert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allsworth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrosky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obstetrics and gynecology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
