<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0872-1904</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Port. Electrochim. Acta]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0872-1904</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Electroquímica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0872-19042004000400006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Topographic Characterization of Disposable Carbon Pencil Modified Electrodes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berbejillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerdá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Ciencias Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Química Biológica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de La Plata Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Provincia de Buenos Aires]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>375</fpage>
<lpage>385</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0872-19042004000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0872-19042004000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0872-19042004000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Carbon pencil electrodes are proposed as supporting material for the fabrication of disposable devices through surface modification by bismuth plating and polyaniline formation. The surface characteristics were assessed by fractal analysis under semi-infinite linear diffusion employing a soluble molecular probe, and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The results indicate that the surface topography for bismuth-modified electrodes corresponds to a 2-dimensional smooth surface, while for polyaniline-modified electrodes, a surface fractal dimension of 2.76 was obtained. These topographic characteristics indicate that bismuth-modified carbon electrodes are suitable for anodic stripping analysis, and polyaniline ones, due to the surface irregularities, may result a good supporting material for biomolecules attachment.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[carbon pencil electrodes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fractals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Randles-Sevcik]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[topography]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align=center><b>  Topographic Characterization of Disposable Carbon Pencil Modified Electrodes</b></p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p>     <p align=center><b>J. Berbejillo,<sup>a</sup> J. Laiz,<sup>a</sup> M.F. Cerdá,<sup>b</sup>    M.E. Martins,<sup>c</sup> E. Méndez<sup>b,</sup><a href="#back1">*</a><a name="top1"></a></b></p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p>      <p align=center> <sup>a)</sup>  Unidad de Bioquímica Analítica.  Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la  República, Montevideo, Uruguay.</p>     <p align=center> <sup>b)  </sup>Laboratorio de Biomateriales.  Instituto de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la  República. Iguá 4225 casi Mataojo. 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay. </p>     <p align=center> <sup>c) </sup>Instituto de  Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La  Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p>     <p align=center> Received  23  March 2004; accepted in revised form 31 May  2004</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>       <p><b>Abstract</b></p>     <p>Carbon pencil electrodes are proposed as supporting material for the fabrication  of disposable devices through surface modification by bismuth plating and  polyaniline formation. The surface characteristics were assessed by fractal  analysis under semi-infinite linear diffusion employing a soluble molecular  probe, and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The results indicate that the  surface topography for bismuth-modified electrodes corresponds to a  2-dimensional smooth surface, while for polyaniline-modified electrodes, a  surface fractal dimension of 2.76 was obtained. These topographic  characteristics indicate that bismuth-modified carbon electrodes are suitable  for anodic stripping analysis, and polyaniline ones, due to the surface  irregularities, may result a good supporting material for biomolecules  attachment.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b><i>  Keywords</i></b>:  carbon pencil electrodes, fractals, Randles-Sevcik, topography.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>        <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>       <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>       <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
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