doi: 10.4152/pea.201603185

Electrochemical Degradation of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution: Role of Graphite Anode as Electrode Material

Rajvir Kaur and Harpreet Kaur^*

Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India

Abstract

The present work has been carried out to study the mechanism of electrochemical degradation of Congo red dye. Electrolysis has been carried out in a single-chamber electrochemical cell having graphite anode and platinum cathode in the presence of KCl as supporting electrolyte under amperostatic conditions. The potential across the electrodes has been adjusted so that a constant 30 mA current passed through the cell. The effect of various operating parameters such as current density, initial dye concentration, nature of supporting electrolyte KCl, pH and electrode materials, on electrochemical degradation of Congo red dye has been investigated. The decolourization efficiency was assessed through UV-Visible studies which are supported by a percentage reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Kinetic studies indicate that decolourization takes place through a second order diffusion controlled reaction. Energy consumption has been calculated. It is observed from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectra that Congo red dye has been degraded to small molecules. Results indicate that electrochemical degradation of Congo red by using low-cost graphite electrodes proves to be an efficient method at an optimum current density of 1.805 mA cm^-2

Keywords: COD, Congo red, Electrochemical oxidation, Energy consumption, Graphite anode electrode.

Introduction

Water pollution refers to the presence of a harmful and objectionable material in water, even at very low concentrations, which makes it unfit for drinking [1]. Water contamination weakens or destroys natural ecosystems that support human health, food production and biodiversity. The problem is especially faced by developing countries, due to rapid increase in industries. Effluents, especially from textile industries and from other industries like paper, paint, plastic, cosmetics, leather and foodstuffs, etc., contain dyes, which are responsible for various environmental and biological problems [2-5]. Most of the azo dyes are not oxidized by conventional physical and biological treatments, because of their complex molecular structures and large sizes [6-7]. Congo red [1-napthalenesulfonic acid, 3,3'-(4,4'-biphenylene bis(azo))bis (4-amino-) disodium salt] is a benzidine-based anionic diazo dye, known to metabolize to benzidine, a carcinogen [8-9]. Congo red mainly occurs in effluents discharged from wood pulp, paper, cotton textile and leather industries, during dyeing operation; about 20 % of it is left in the wastewater. It causes skin irritation and allergic dermatitis in human beings. The presence of dye in water causes tremendous chemico-azo stress on aquatic organisms, including fishes, and sometimes results in their mass mortality. A number of techniques such as electrochemical coagulation [10-11], photocatalytic decolourization [12], electrochemical oxidation [13], adsorption [8,14] and microbiological decomposition [15] have been proposed from time to time for the removal of different types of dyes from effluents. The removal of dyes from wastewater in an economic fashion remains a major problem.

The electrochemical technique has found wide acceptance for wastewater remediation, because it currently offers promising approaches for the prevention of pollution, versatility, environmental compatibility and cost effectiveness [16]. The main reagent is electron, which is a ‘clean reagent', this being the most important advantage of that technology, related to environment compatibility [17]. Electrochemical oxidation provides a direct and economically cheap route for the efficient removal of dye from aqueous solution, as a process-integrated environmental protection and maximum energy management method. The electric current induces cell reactions upon the electrodes surface, resulting in the transformation and destruction of the organic compound, and oxidation to CO2 and H2O [18]. In indirect electro-oxidation, sodium or potassium chloride are added to wastewater for better conductivity, which results in the formation of hypochlorite ions, by the following mechanism [19]:

 

 

In the solution Cl2 hydrolysis occurs according to the following reaction:

 

 

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At anode, O2 evolution competes with Cl2 evolution, according to the following reaction:

 

 

The overall reaction can be written as:

 

 

The aim of the present work is thus to study electrochemical oxidation of an aqueous solution of hazardous diazo dye, ''Congo red'', at graphite anode and Pt cathode. The influence of current density and anode material on the COD and dye removal has been investigated, in order to identify optimal conditions, which gives high current efficiency and has very low energy requirements.

 

Experimental

]]> Materials

Congo red (commercial name), an anionic diazo dye (CAS No. 573-58-0, M.W. 696.68 gmol^-1), has been obtained from sd fine-chem limited, Mumbai. All the chemicals were used as procured. Water has been purified by adding potassium permanganate and a pellet of potassium hydroxide, and then it has been fractionally distilled. Double distilled water has been used to prepare the desired concentration of dye solutions and of reagents.

Instrumentation

The electrochemical experiments have been carried out using a digital DC Electrophoresis power supply, as shown in Fig. 1.

 

The electrochemical cell consists of an undivided cell with two monopolar electrodes, i.e., graphite has been used as anode, and platinum as a cathode. Graphite electrodes have a total effective electrode area of 16.623 cm². The electrodes have been placed vertical and parallel to each other, and connected to a digital DC power supply (0 -100 mA, 1 -300 V) equipped with amperostatic operational conditions. The potential across the electrodes has been adjusted, so that a current of 30 mA has passed through the cell. Potassium chloride has been used as supporting electrolyte. The optimum condition during electrolysis has been selected as follows: current density at 1.805 mA cm^-2; initial dye concentration of 100 mgL^-1; amount of KCl 5 gL^-1 at original solution pH and room temperature. The electrolytic solution has been stirred thoroughly with the help of a magnetic stirrer during electrolysis.

Electrochemical degradation studies

The electrolysis of a 100 mL solution of dye containing 5 gL^-1 of supporting electrolyte KCl has been carried out at graphite anode and platinum cathode. 2 mL of solution have been withdrawn at pre-set intervals of time, and the amount of dye decomposed was measured with the help of a Shimadzu-1800 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer at 484.95 nm. In order to study the effect of different parameters, electrolysis has been carried out by varying the current density, initial dye concentration, electrolysis time, amount of supporting electrolytes, pH, cathode and electrode materials. All the reagents were prepared and analysed as per standard methods. All the experiments were performed at room temperature. The percentage of dye removed was calculated using the following relation:

 

]]>  

where Co and Ct are the initial dye concentration, and the dye concentration at time t in solution (mgL^-1), respectively.

Electrochemical oxidation degrades the organic pollutants in wastewater, and thereby causes the reduction in COD and decrease in colour. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured by volumetric analytical method, as reported in literature [20].

 

Results and discussion

Optimization of current density

Fig. 2 shows that different current densities (0.602, 1.203, 1.805 and 2.406 mA cm^-2) with contact time play an important role in the study of electrochemical degradation of Congo red dye in an aqueous solution.

 

As the current density increases, the rate of hypochlorite produced increases at constant pH [21]. Also, the amount of H2 gas evolved on cathode increases with increasing applied current density, as per Faraday's law.

]]> Optimization of initial dye concentration

The effect of the initial dye concentration on the removal efficiency of colour with contact time, at broad range of dye concentration, is shown in Fig. 3.

 

The rate of dye decolourization decreased with increasing initial dye concentration at constant current. During electrolysis, by increasing the dye concentration, the molecules of dye tend to associate to large molecules of low diffusivity, which lowers the rate of dye diffusion to the anode, with a consequent decrease in the dye removal [22].

Optimization of supporting electrolytes

It is evident from Fig. 4 that the rate of colour removal increases with the increase in the amount of supporting electrolytes.

 

This may be due to the fact that, with an increase in concentration of supporting electrolytes, more hypochlorite ions are formed, which increases the dye oxidation. But, at a very high concentration, the percentage removal of dye becomes nearly constant, which may be due to the evolution of oxygen at high concentration levels [23].

]]> A comparative study of KCl with NaCl as supporting electrolytes has been carried out at optimum conditions.

 

Optimization of pH

In order to study the effect of pH on the degradation of Congo red, the pH of the solution was varied from 3.86 to 7.86, at optimum conditions at room temperature. It is shown from Fig. 6 that the solution's pH affects the rate of dye degradation only at initial stages.

 

Effect of cathode and anode material

In order to evaluate the efficiency of electrode materials towards electrochemical oxidation of Congo red dye, the electrolysis has been carried out by varying electrode materials (Fig. 7).

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It has been observed that when Pt has been used as electrodes then there is a 99.5% degradation of the dye, but when cathode material is replaced with graphite, then there is a slight decrease in dye degradation at final stage. In its turn, when the anode is replaced with graphite, then there is a decrease in percentage of dye degradation both at initial and final stage. From this, it can be concluded that although the efficiency of dye degradation at the graphite electrode is low at middle stage, it grows to 90%. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative electrode material for dye pollution monitoring, instead of the costly platinum electrode.

Kinetic studies

Many kinetic models have been applied to study the controlling mechanism of dye removal from aqueous solution. In order to investigate the mechanism of electrolysis of Congo red dye, the following kinetic models have been considered.

Kinetic first-order rate equation

In an attempt to correlate the present data with a kinetic first-order rate equation, a graph is plotted between ln (Co/Ce) versus time t. The results show that the data do not follow first-order equation.

Kinetic second-order rate equation

The data are then subjected to kinetics of second-order equation. The rate at which is expressed is:

 

 

]]> where Co and Ct are the initial dye concentration and concentration of dye at time t in solution (mgL^-1), respectively; and K2 is the second-order rate constant (min^-1).

It is evident from Fig. 8 that the data fitted well with a kinetic second-order rate equation.

 

Rate constant value is listed in Table 1, which shows decrease in the rate constant value K2, with different initial dye concentration levels for the electrolytic removal of dye.

 

Analysis of COD

The chemical oxygen demand analysis allows the feasibility of waste in terms of the total quantity of oxygen required for the oxidation of organic matter to CO2 and H2O. This study has been taken as an effective parameter to measure the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation process for the treatment of hazardous Congo red dye from aqueous solution. The volumetric analytical method was applied for COD measurement. The electrochemical degradation of Congo red has been carried out at different experimental conditions. Table 2 shows that the COD reduction percentage increases with the increase in current density, amount of supporting electrolytes (potassium chloride) and pH of the dye solution.

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This may be because the electrogenerated chlorine/hypochlorite plays an important role in the electrocatalytic degradation process of the dye removal [23-24]. However, the reduction percentage in COD value decreases with an increase in initial dye concentration, because dye molecules tend to associate with large molecules of low diffusivity, which may lower the dye diffusion to the anode.

Electric energy consumption

In the electrochemical oxidation process for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution, the major operating cost is associated with electric energy consumption values. The electric energy consumption during the electrochemical process has been calculated in terms of KWh Kg^-1 dye removed, using the following equation [22]:

 

 

where V is the cell voltage (V), I is the current (A), t is the time of electrolysis (min), Co and Ct are the initial dye concentration and concentration of dye at time t in solution (mgL^-1). The contents of Table 3 indicate that the energy consumption increases with increasing current density, and decreases with increasing KCl amount.

 

The minimum electrical energy consumption was 3.0864 KWh Kg^-1 colour removed at a very low current density of 0.602 mA cm^-2, which may be attributed to the decreased hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction. With this very small electrical energy consumption, an almost complete degradation of dyes has been achieved after 60 min of electrolysis. In India ≈6.43 rupees are required to remove one kilogram of dye from wastewater during this process.

]]> Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis

The FTIR spectra of Congo red dye before and after electrolysis at optimum condition have been recorded in the region of 4000-400 cm^-1. The FTIR spectrum of Congo red showed peaks in 1062 cm^-1 for S=O stretching vibrations of sulfonic acid, 1225 cm^-1 for C-N stretching vibrations, 1361 cm^-1 for C-N bending vibrations, 1446 cm^-1 for aromatic C=C stretching vibrations, 1585 cm^-1 for N=N stretching vibrations, 2925 cm^-1 for O-H stretching vibrations and 3465 cm^-1 for N-H stretching vibrations of aromatic primary amine (Fig. 9(a)).

 

The FTIR spectrum obtained after electrolysis of Congo red consists of no peak at 1585 cm^-1, due to azo group [25]. The other peaks (visible in the spectra before electrolysis) weaken or disappear, as shown in the FTIR spectrum (Fig. 9(b)).

Electrochemical degradation pathways of Congo red

The intermediate compounds formed during the electrochemical degradation of Congo red have been identified by MS/MS. The sample has been collected after 60 minutes of electrolysis. Based on the MS/MS identification, the following pathway (Fig. 10) is proposed for the electrochemical degradation of Congo red.

 

The structures of various intermediates, as predicted from MS/MS fragmentation analysis, are given below in Fig. 10, with a base peak at 113, indicating that the entire dye has been decomposed to low molecular weight fragments.

Conclusions

The present work is devoted to the electrochemical oxidation of textile dye Congo red at graphite anode and platinum cathode under optimum conditions. This process is capable of destroying the harmful dye contents in short treatment time. The influence of current density, initial dye concentration, KCl concentration, pH and electrode material on the dye removal percentage and COD reduction has been determined. The intermediates formed during electrolysis have been identified with MS/MS and FTIR spectral studies. It is interesting to notice that 95% of dye has been degraded during electrolysis with maximum energy resource management. The present data were well fitted to second-order kinetic model for the electrochemical process. Thus, electrochemical technology is an effective method for the removal of Congo red dye from effluents of textile industry.

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge sincere thanks to UGC, New Delhi, for awarding the UGC-BSR Fellowship (to Ms. Rajvir Kaur) for carrying out the research work successfully.

^*Corresponding author. E-mail address: preetjudge@yahoo.co.in

Received 01 December 2015; accepted 18 March 2016

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