doi: 10.4152/pea.201705253

Benzyl Nicotinate as an Efficient Corrosion Inhibitor for Cold Rolled Steel in a 1 M HCl Solution

M.R. Vinutha^a , T.V. Venkatesha^a,* and Vinayak Bhat^b

^a Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karanataka, India

^b Department of Physics, Shri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management, Bantakal, Udupi - 574115, India

Abstract

The ability of benzyl nicotinate (BN) to inhibit the corrosion process of cold rolled steel (CRS) in a 1 M HCl solution has been investigated by weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic methods. The potentiodynamic polarization study revealed that BN acts as a mixed type inhibitor. The effect of temperature range (303-333 K) on the corrosion of steel was studied at different concentrations of BN. The efficiency of this inhibitor increases with an increase in its concentration, and decreases with rise of temperature. Free energy values revealed that BN molecule undergoes comprehensive adsorption. The adsorptive behavior of BN on CRS obeys Langmuir adsorption. The thermodynamic and activation parameters calculation helped in getting insight into the inhibitor mechanism. The DFT (density functional theory) studies of BN molecule also supported our experimental findings.

Introduction

Hydrochloric acid is widely used as pickling liquor for processes like descaling, pickling, acid cleaning and oil-well acidizing, etc. Steel (mild steel-MS, cold rolled steel-CRS, and stainless steel-SS) of various forms is employed in all industries for many purposes, such as storage tanks, containers, boilers, carrier pipes, etc. But, during its surface treatment, steel gets damaged due to the corrosive nature of acid solution, thereby reducing its service life. This corrosive damage occurs as a result of electrochemical reactions at the surface, which cause the failure of materials [1]. To avoid this, various preventive methods were developed by the researchers, and the use of corrosion inhibitors is one of the best practical methods.

Corrosion inhibitors are organic compounds containing heteroatoms like P, S, O and N in their ring structure, which show good corrosion inhibition properties in acidic media [2-8]. Inhibitors act through the process of adsorption, and their adsorptive nature depends upon the electronic density at the donor site, aromaticity, steric factor, molecular mass, presence of functional groups like - C=O,-N=N-,-OH,-COOR, temperature and potential developed at the metal solution interface. Literature survey reveals that derivatives of Schiff bases, triazoles, thiozoles, pyridine and many other organic compounds were reported as good corrosion inhibitors in acidic media [9-12]. A few researchers have reported the use of nicotinic acid derivatives, namely, M.P. Chakravarthy et al. [13-14], which have studied the inhibitive effect of two nicotinamide derivatives and two isonicotinic acid derivatives of indole and pyrrol on mild steel in 0.5 M HCl. The anti-corrosive effect using nicotinic acid hydrazide and its benzalidine derivatives as inhibitors in a 1 M HCl solution studied by Hemapriya et al. [15] showed a as high as 90% and 94% inhibition efficiency, respectively. Jun Zhao et al. [16] have used cigarette butts as a corrosion inhibitor for N80 steel in an HCl solution; they contain nicotine and nicotine derivatives as major components, which show 92% inhibition efficiency in 5% by weight of inhibitor solution in 10% HCl.

The inhibitors containing nicotine heterocycle are less reported in the literature, so we have chosen benzyl nicotinate (BN) (Fig. 1).

 

Previously, we have verified the inhibitory effect of BN on the corrosion of CRS in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution [17]. In the present work, studies on the theoretical, adsorptive and electrochemical behavior of BN on the corrosion of CRS in a 1 M HCl solution are evaluated.

 

]]> Experimental

Sample

The experiments were performed with CRS specimens with the compositions of 0.14% C, 0.4% Mn, 0.025% P, 0.0008% S, 0.025% Si, 0.003% Al and remaining of Fe.

Solutions

The aggressive solutions of 1 M HCl AR-grade were prepared using double distilled Millipore water. The tested inhibitor benzyl nicotinate (BN) of AR grade was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, Bangalore. The different concentrations of inhibitor (0 to 500 ppm) were prepared in a 1 M HCl solution.

Weight loss measurement

The CRS coupons of dimension 4 cm × 2 cm × 0.5 cm were used for weight loss measurements. The coupons were treated with a series of emery paper from 220, 330, 400, 600 and 1200 grades to obtain a uniform surface. Then, the specimens were washed several times with distilled water, then with acetone, and dried using a stream of air. The weight loss incurred by CRS specimens was determined by weighing the samples before and after immersion in 100 cm³ of 1 M HCl, in the absence and presence of various concentrations of BN at different temperature ranges of 303, 313, 323, and 333 K. The experiments were performed in triplicate and the mean value is reported. The experiments were carried out in a static aerated condition. The corrosion rate (v_corr) of CRS was determined using the following relation:

 

 

where v_corr is the corrosion rate of mild steel (g cm^-2 h^-1), Δm is the corrosion weight loss of mild steel (g), S is the surface area of mild steel specimen (cm²), and t is the time of exposure. The percentage inhibition efficiency was calculated using the relationship:

]]>  

 

where v⁰_corr and v_corr are the corrosion rates of CRS in the absence and presence of BN, respectively.

Electrochemical measurements

Electrochemical measurements were conducted in a conventional glass cell using a CHI 660D electrochemical analyzer (USA made). The CRS specimen of 1 cm² exposed areas with a 5 cm² long stem isolated with araldite resin was used as working electrode; platinum electrode and calomel electrode were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. Prior to polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements (EIS), a steady state open circuit potential (OCP) was measured. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and the average values of corrosion parameters were reported. EIS measurements were done at OCP in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz, with an amplitude of 5 mV. The inhibition efficiency of EIS measurements was calculated using charge transfer resistance (Rct) values by the following equation:

 

 

where Rct and R⁰ct are charge transfer resistance of the working electrode with and without inhibitor, respectively.

Polarization plots were automatically obtained in a potential range from -1000 mV to -200 mV with a scan rate of 10 mV/S. Corrosion parameters like corrosion current density (Icorr), equilibrium potential (Ecorr), cathodic (βc) and anodic (βa) Tafel slopes were calculated. Inhibition efficiency of polarization method was calculated using the corrosion current density values by the following relation:

 

]]>  

where I⁰corr and Icorr are the corrosion current density in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, respectively.

Quantum and SEM studies

In the present study, quatum calculations were performed using pc gamess (firefly) software by DFT method using B3LYP/6-311 G basic set. The surface morphology of cold rolled steel samples is investigated using Scanning electron microscopy.

 

Results and discussion

Polarization studies

The anodic and cathodic polarization plots for CRS in 1 M HCl at various concentrations of BN are as shown in Fig. 2.

 

]]> The values of corrosion current density (Icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr), cathodic (βc) and anodic (βa) Tafel slopes, and inhibition efficiency (IE), as a function of BN concentrations, are tabulated in

 

From the table it is indicated that the corrosion current density, Icorr, considerably decreases with an increase in the concentrations of BN. We can classify the inhibitor as of the anodic or cathodic type if the change in the Ecorr value is above 85 mV [20]. But, in the present study, the maximum obtained shift in Ecorr value was 32 mV. On the other hand, changes in cathodic (βc) and anodic (βa) slope values with BN concentrations revealed that BN controls both anodic steel dissolution reactions and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction. Hence, we can arrive at the conclusion that BN acts as a mixed type inhibitor.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique is a widely used method for investigating corrosion phenomena. It gives complete information of both capacitive and resistive behavior of the metal/solution interface. The effect of different concentrations of BN on the impedance behavior of CRS in a 1 M HCl at room temperature is exhibited by the Nyquist plot, as shown in Fig. 3.

 

The extracted impedance data are analyzed using ZSimpWin-3.21 software by fitting to a suitable circuit (as in Fig. 4), and the corresponding EIS values are tabulated in Table 2.

]]>  

 

In the circuit, Rs stands for solution resistance, Rct is charge transfer resistance and Q is a constant phase element is CPE. CPE is composed of Qdl and coefficient n, where n represents surface in-homogeneity, roughness, and porous layer formation [21]. The double layer capacitance (Cdl) is calculated by the relation:

 

 

The Nyquist plot at all concentrations nearly shows the same behavior, indicating that a semicircle at a higher frequency is related to charge transfer process. A small inductive loop observed at a low frequency is attributed to the relaxation process obtained by the adsorption of the inhibitor molecule on the electrode surface or by the adsorption of species like (FeCl-)ads or (FeCl- Inh+)ads [22]. It may also be due to the re-dissolution of adsorbed species [23].

The successive increase in semicircle diameter with an increase in the Rct value is attributed to the increase of corrosion resistance of CRS in presence of different concentrations of inhibitor [24]. The decreasing value of Cdl showed a decrease in local dielectric constant, due to an increase in the thickness of the protective double layer at the CRS surface, because of the inhibitor adsorption.

Weight loss measurements

The weight loss of CRS specimen in 1 M HCl is determined in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor at different temperature ranges of 303 K to 333 K. The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency values are tabulated in Table 3.

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From the values, it is revealed that the corrosion rate decreases with an increase in the concentration of inhibitor. This is due to an increase in the surface coverage of steel with an increase in the concentration of inhibitor [19]. Inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration of inhibitor, and decreases with an increase in temperature, indicating that the adsorption of BN on CRS is physisorption. The maximum inhibition efficiency was observed at 500 ppm in all temperatures.

Corrosion kinetic parameters

The effect of temperature on the corrosion parameters of CRS in 1 M HCl was studied at the temperatures of 303-333 K. Since corrosion is regarded as an Arrhenius process, the Arrhenius plot (Fig. 5), in addition to transition state plots (Fig. 6), was used to obtain corrosion kinetic parameters like pre-exponential factor (A), activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (ΔH*) and activation entropy (ΔS*) for corrosion of CRS in 1 M HCl, both in absence and presence of BN.

 

 

The pre-exponential factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) are obtained from Arrhenius equation [25].

 

 

]]> where γ_corr is corrosion current, R is universal gas constant and T is temperature measured in K. Taking a logarithm to the

 

The plot of ln(γ_corr) against 1/T gives a straight line with a slope of -Ea/RT and intercept equal to ln(A). The values of Ea and A were tabulated in Table 4.

 

The changes in enthalpy, ΔH, and entropy, ΔS, are calculated using transition state equation [26].

 

 

where N is Avogadro's number and h is Plank's constant. The equation (8) can be reduced to:

 

The graph of ln(γ_corr/T) against 1/T gives a straight line with a slope of -ΔH*/R and intercept of ln(R/Nh) + ΔS*/R; values of ΔH* and ΔS* were given in Table 4.

The temperature dependency of inhibition efficiency and Ea can be categorized into three groups [27-28]:

1. Inhibition efficiency decreases with an increase in temperature, Ea (inhibited solution) > Ea (uninhibited solution)

2. Inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in temperature, Ea (inhibited solution) < Ea (uninhibited solution)

3. Inhibition efficiency does not change with temperature, Ea (inhibited solution) = Ea (uninhibited solution).

In the present case, Ea of the inhibited solution is greater than Ea of the uninhibited solution, showing that inhibition efficiency decreases with an increase in temperature, indicating physical (electrostatic) adsorption of BN. According to literature, a lower value of pre-exponential factor (A) and a higher value of Ea lowers corrosion rate [29]. In the present study, the value of A increases with an increase in concentration of BN. Hence, the corrosion rate entirely depends upon the activation parameter, Ea. The positive value of ΔH* indicates the endothermic nature of corrosion, showing the hindrance for steel dissolution [30]. ΔH* and Ea values are nearly the same, and both increase with an increase in the concentrations of inhibitor, indicating a raise in the energy barrier of the corrosion process, without affecting the mechanism of dissolution. It is observed that Ea -ΔH* = RT is indicative of uni-molecular adsorption of BN molecules [31]. The value of ΔS* increases with an increase in the concentrations of inhibitor, showing that the free energy of reactants is converted into an activated complex [32]. The adsorption of BN on CRS reduces the disorder of the system, thus producing an ordered arrangement of BN.

Adsorption isothermn

The efficacy of an inhibitor depends on its ability of adsorption onto a metal surface. Generally, it is accepted that the inhibitor molecule undergoes adsorption at the metal/solution interface and inhibits the corrosion process. Attempts were made to fit the experimental data to various adsorption isotherms, including Temkin, Langmuir, Freundlich, Flory-Huggins and Bockris-Swinkels. But the best fit with Langmuir isotherm (Fig. 7)

 

is according to the following equation [33]:

 

 

where C is the concentration of inhibitor, θ is the surface coverage and Kads the adsorption equilibrium constant. Using the values of Kads, we can calculate thermodynamic parameters like ΔGads , ΔH and ΔS, which are equally important in assigning a suitable mechanism for the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the metal surface. ΔGads can be calculated according to equation (11) [34] and is represented in Table 5.

 

 

The value of ΔH and ΔS can be calculated using Vant-Hoff equation:

]]>  

 

The graph (as shown in Fig. 8) of ln (Kads) against 1/T gives a straight line with a slope of -ΔH/R and intercept equal to [ΔS/R + ln(1/55.5)].

 

All the values are mentioned in Table 5. The negative value of ΔGads suggests spontaneous adsorption of the inhibitor molecule on the steel surface. It is generally accepted that ΔGads values up to 20 kJ/mol indicate physisorption, and that 40 kJ/mol and above stand for chemisorption [35]. The free energy ΔGads of BN comes around 37-39 kJ/mol, indicating that the comprehensive adsorption is accompanied by both physisorption and chemisorption. The negative values of ΔH indicate that adsorption is an exothermic process [36], hence, the inhibition efficiency decreases with an increase in temperature.

Generally, the exothermic process is attributed to either physisorption or chemisorption, while the endothermic process indicates pure chemisorption. Further, if the value of ΔH is less than 41.86 kJ/mol, then it is physisorption, while for chemisorption, a ΔH value is around 100 kJ/mol [37]. ΔS value indicates that the adsorption process is accompanied by an increase in entropy, which means that the adsorption process is a quasi-substitution process between the organic inhibitor molecule in solution phase and water molecule at the electrode surface [38], i.e.,

Org (sol) + x H2O (ads) ↔ Org (ads) + x H2O (sol)

The organic molecule gets adsorbed onto the metal surface by replacing the water molecule, which means the gain in entropy is just because of an increase in the solvent entropy [39]. Increase in the solvent entropy means a decrease in the entropy of solute, which means an orderly arrangement of the inhibitor molecule onto the metal surface.

Mechanism of adsorption

 

 

 

 

The cathodic hydrogen evolution progresses accordingly,

 

 

 

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The inhibitor molecule either remains the same, or it may get protonated in an acid solution [26]. Hence, the protonated BN gets attached to the positively charged anodic site of CRS through the bridging of Cl-ion. The inhibitor molecule directly attaches to the cathodic site through its hetero atom and, also, through donor-acceptor interactions using π-electrons of the aromatic ring, thus preventing both anodic and cathodic corrosion processes.

SEM studies

Surface morphology of CRS in a 1 M HCl solution in absence and presence of 500 ppm of BN was studied, as shown in Fig. 9.

 

In the absence of BN (Fig. 9a), the specimen is severely corroded creating deep cracks with an uneven surface. In the presence of 500 ppm BN (Fig. 9b), the cracks are reduced to a greater extent. This indicates the protection of the BN molecule against corrosion.

Quantum studies

Quantum chemical calculations helped us to correlate the corrosion inhibiting properties of an inhibitor molecule, with chemical and electrochemical method findings. With the theoretical prediction of the number of molecular parameters like Frontier orbital energies (E_HOMO & E_LUMO ), dipole moment (μ), hardness, electronegativity (η), ionisation energy (I), electron affinity (A), one can easily depict the nature of interactions between inhibitor and metal surface and, thus, possibly assign a suitable mechanism for inhibition.

The quantum calculations performed in gas phase using DFT method using B3LYP/6-311 G basic set and quantum chemical parameters are dipicted in the Table 6.

 

Using frontier orbital energies E_HOMO & E_LUMO, the interaction of the metal surface with the inhibitor molecule can be explained. The energy gap between LUMO and HOMO levels is another important factor in deciding the interaction. The inhibitor possessing lower energy produces good inhibition effficiency. A good inhibitor is one which has an ability to donate unoccupied p- orbital to the metal, and the capability of forming feedback bonds by accepting electrons from the metal [41-42].

According to literature survey, a higher value of E_HOMO increases the electronic donating tendency of the inhibitor molecule. A lower value of E_LUMO indicates the feed-back bonding tendency of the inhibitor. In general, a higher value of E_HOMO and lower value of E_LUMO symbolise a high inhibition efficiency of an inhibitor. In the case of the BN molecule (Fig. 10), HOMO is distributed over oxygen atoms and entire π-electrons of benzene; LUMO is distributed on the pyridine ring.

 

Further, frontier orbital energies (E_HOMO & E_LUMO) clearly indicate the electronic donating ability and feed back bond formation of the inhibitor. A lower value of dipole moment (μ) ranging between 3-5 favours the assembly of an inhibitor molecule on the metal surface [43], and also symbolises the hydrophobic character of an inhibitor molecule.

For BN, the dipole moment (μ) is 3.005, hence, it favours the adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface. E_HOMO and E_LUMO are related to ionisation energy (I), electron affinity (A), absolute electronegativity (χ) and global hardness (η), as:

 

 

]]>  

 

 

 

The hardness and softness (S) are measures of molecular stability and reactivity. A hard molecule has a larger energy gap and a soft molecule has a smaller energy gap [44].

 

 

This global electrophilicity index (ω) is a measure of change in energy due to the flow of electrons between donor and acceptor. This electrophilicity index gives the measure of stabilisation in the energy produced when the fraction of charge, ΔN, is exchanged between inhibitor and metal surface [45], and is given by:

 

 

]]> where χFe and χinh denote the absolute electro negativity of iron and of the inhibitor molecule, respectively; ηFe and ηinh denote the absolute hardness of iron and of the inhibitor molecule, respectively. In this study, the χinh and ηinh values of the inhibitor are determined using the values of I and A, and the theoretical value of χFe = 7eV/mol, and ηFe = 0 eV/mol for the computation of the number of transferred electrons. Thus, the calculated value of ΔN is 0.1926, which clearly indicates the high inhibition efficiency of BN, since ΔN > 3.6 indicates the high inhibition efficiency with the electron donating tendency of the inhibitor molecule [44].

 

Conclusions

The results of experiments revealed that BN acts as a good inhibitor for CRS in a 1 M HCl solution. The BN molecule obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic and activation parameters revealed a spontaneous and exothermic adsorption of the BN molecule. The obtained results from weight loss method are compatible with electrochemical results. Quantum studies support experimental findings.

 

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Govt. of India, for providing financial assistance, and to the Department of Chemistry, Kuvempu University for providing lab facilities..

^*Corresponding author. E-mail address: drtvvenkatesha@yahoo.co.uk

Received August 27, 2016; accepted April 02, 2017

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