doi: 10.4152/pea.201902093

Simulation of Adsorption Kinetics of Malachite Green onto Activated Carbon

Z. Benmaamar^a *,H. Boutoumi^b,H. Hamitouche^a, H. Benmaamar^a, A. Benmaamar^a, A. Benmaamar^a and A. Aggounb^b

^a Laboratoire d’Application Energétique de l'Hydrogène, University of Blida1, Soumaa,9000 Blida, Algeria

^b Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, University of Blida1, Soumaa,9000 Blida, Algeria

Abstract

In this work, activated carbon was produced from residue of fruit of Sapindus and used for the application of adsorption removal of malachite green dye from simulated aqueous solution. Adsorption kinetics of malachite green onto actived carbon was studied in a batch system. The effects of pH and contact time were examined. The malachite green maximum adsorption occurred at pH 6 (4.5 mg/g) and the lowest adsorption occurred at pH 2 (4.1 mg/g). The apparent equilibrium was reached after 120 min. Optimal experimental conditions were determined. In order to determine the bestfit- adsorption Kinetics, the experimental data were analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, pseudo-third-order, Esquivel, and Elovich models. Linear regressive and non-linear regressive methods were used to obtain the relative parameters. The statistical functions were estimated to find the suitable method which fit better the experimental data. Both methods were suitable to obtain the parameters. The non-linear pseudo-first-order model was the best to fit the equilibrium data. The present work showed that activated carbon can be used as a low cost adsorbent for the malachite green removal from water.

Introduction

Malachite green (MG) is used in coloring paper, dyeing cottons, wools, silk, leather and coating for paper stock. The treatment of effluents containing such dyes is of great interest due to their harmful impacts on receiving waters [1]. The best efficient method used for the quickly removal of dyes from the aqueous solution is the physical adsorption [2]. Aromatic solutes showed slighty better adsorption than aliphatic solutes, due to the potential to form π-π bonds with the basal planes of activated carbon. No significant influence of solute charge or size was observed [3]. This work aims to understand the potential of activated carbon (AC) to remove MG dye from simulated aqueous solution in batch mode. The adsorption kinetics efficiency of MG was investigated in order to optimize the experimental parameters such as contact time and pH at an agitation speed of 300 rpm, initial adsorbent concentration of 5 mg/L and temperature of 25 °C. The statistical functions were used to estimate the error deviations between experimental and theoretically predicted adsorption kinetic values, including Linear and non-linear method. The optimization procedure required a defined error function in order to evaluate the fit of equation to the experimental data.

Material and methods

MG (4-(4-(dimethylamino) alpha-phenylbenzylidene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1- ylidene) dimethylammonium chloride, C23H25ClN2, Mw = 364 g/mol (Fig. 1) used in the present study, was purchased from Merck (Germany) and was selected from the list of dyes normally used in Algeria.

 

The sieved residue of fruit of Sapindus was washed with distilled water to remove any residues or impurities. Subsequently, it was dried in an oven for 12 hours at 80 °C. The material was pyrolysized in a fluidized bed furnace at different temperature range. The pyrolysis process was undergone at temperatures of 300, 400 and 500 °C for half an hour. Then, the material produced was discharged from the first cyclone of the fluidized bed furnace. This fast pyrolysis method produced variety of material at different temperatures. Activation of the material was done by using steam average flowrate 300 cc/min at 800 °C in a muffle furnace for 1 and 2 hours. The activated carbon was then ground and dried in an oven at 100 °C for overnight.

]]> Adsorption kinetics of MG onto AC was studied in a batch system. The effects of pH and equilibrium time were examined. The adsorption parameters were optimized. In each experiment pre weighed amount of adsorbent (50 mg) was added to 50 mL of dye solution (5 mg/L) taken in a 250 mL of conical flask and 0.1 M NaOH or 0.1 M HCl were added to adjust the pH value. This solution was agitated at 300 rpm and centrifugated. The MG concentration in solution was determined at λmax = 620 nm by spectrophotometer UV-1700 PHARMA SPEC SHIMADZU. The amount of MG adsorbed per mass unit of adsorbent at time t, q (mg/g), (

 

where C₀ is the initial MG concentration (mg/L), C is the dye concentration at time t, V is the solution volume (L) and M is the adsorbent mass [g) [5]. The effect of pH was conducted by mixing 1 g of adsorbent with 1 L of MG synthetic solution of 5 mg/L. The solution pH was varied from 2 to 12, by adding 0.1 M NaOH or 0.1 M HCl solutions. The suspension was shaken for 24 h at 25 °C. Kinetic experiments were performed by mixing 50 mL of dye solution (5 mg/L) with 50 mg (0.05 g) of adsorbent. The initial pH for each dye solution was set at 6. The suspensions were kept under agitation during 24 hours. MG concentrations in the supernatants were calculated and allowed to determine the amount adsorbed of dyes onto AC. The experiments were realized against time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 and 300 min).

 

Results and discussion

To study the effect of every parameter, it is necessary to fix the values of others. The elimination of pollutant from simulated aqueous solution by adsorption is extremely influenced by the medium of the solution which affects the nature of the adsorbent surface charge, the ionization extent, the aqueous adsorbate species speciation and the adsorption rate. The adsorptive process through functional groups dissociation on the adsorbate and adsorbent were affected by a pH change [6]. The adsorption of MG increases with the increase of pH of the solution. Fig. 2 shows the effect of the pH on the adsorption capacity of MG onto AC at various initial solution pH in the range 2–12 under the following conditions: initial dye concentration of 5 mg/L and AC dose of 1 g.

 

From Fig. 2, we noticed that the pH of the medium affect strongly the kinetic of MG fixation, showing an increase of the adsorption capacity with the pH, from 4.1 to 4.5 mg/g for pH increasing from 2 to 6.

Fig. 3 highlights the adsorption Kinetics of MG onto AC.

 

In the light of the result, the synthetic sample could be divided in three zones: (i) 0-30 min, which indicated the fast adsorption of MG, suggesting rapid external diffusion and surface adsorption; (ii) 30-60 min, showed a gradual equilibrium, and (iii) 60-300 min, indicated the plateau of the equilibrium state. The adsorption was rapid at the initial stage of the contact, but it gradually slowed down until the equilibrium.

The fast adsorption at the initial stage can be attributed to the fact that a large number of surface sites are available for adsorption. After a lapse of time, the remaining surface sites are difficult to be occupied because of the repulsion between the solute molecules of the solid and bulk phases make it take too long time to reach equilibrium. Adsorption is a complex process whereby it is influenced by several parameters related to adsorbent and to the physicochemical conditions under which the process is carried out [7]. In order to understand the mechanism of the adsorption process, the following equations: [pseudo-first order (Lagergren Model) [1], pseudo-second order [8], Esquivel [9], pseudo-third order [10], and Elovich [11]] were selected to fit the experimental kinetic data. Equations of these models were illustrated in Table 1 .

where k₁ is pseudo-first order rate constant (min^-1), k₂ is pseudo-second order rate constant (g/(mg min)), k₃ is pseudo-third order rate constant (g²/(mg² min)), K_E is Esquivel rate constant (min), k₄ is Elovich rate constant (mg/(g min)), k₅ is extent of surface coverage and activation energy of the process (g/mg), k₆ extent of surface coverage and activation energy of the process (g/mg), k₇ Elovich rate constant (mg/(g min)), q_e is amount of adsorption at equilibrium (mg/g), and Θ dimensionless parameter (=q/qe). A non-linear and linear fitting procedure using Excel and Origin software were used, respectively. The constants of all models are given in Table 2 .

The optimization procedure required a defined error function in order to evaluate the fit of equation to the experimental data. In this part, the best-fitting equation is determined using the well-known special functions to calculate the error deviation between experimental and predicted data. The mathematical equations of these error functions are illustrated in Table 3.

 

where n is the number of experimental data points, q_calc is the predicted (calculated) quantity of MG adsorbed onto AC, q_exp are the experimental data, p is the number of parameters in each kinetic model, ARED is the average relative error deviation (dimensionless parameter), ARE is the average relative error (dimensionless parameter, ARS is the average relative standard error (dimensionless parameter), HYBRID is the hybrid fractional error function (dimensionless parameter), MPSD Marquardt’s is the percent standard deviation (dimensionless parameter),MPSED Marquardt’s is the percent standard deviation (dimensionless parameter), SAE=EABS is the sum of absolute error (mg/g), SSE is the sum of the squares of the errors (mg/g)², and Δq(%) is the normalized standard deviation (mg/g). The constants of all error analysis are represented in Table 4.

 

Adsorption kinetic data are the basic requirements for the design of adsorption systems. In order to optimize the design of a specific sorbate/sorbent system to remove MG from aqueous solution, it is important to establish the most appropriate correlation for the experimental kinetic data. Applicability of some statistical tools to predict optimum adsorption kinetic of MG onto AC after linear regression analysis showed that the highest R² value and the lowest ARED, ARE, SAE, ARS, MPSD, .q, SSE, MSPED, and HYBRID values could be suitable and meaningful tools to predict the best-fitting equation models. The best fitting is determined based on the use of these functions to calculate the error deviation between experimental and predicted equilibrium adsorption kinetic data, after linear analysis. Hence, according to Table 4, it seems that the non-linear pseudofirst order model was the most suitable model to satisfactorily describe the studied adsorption phenomenon. Therefore, based on these mentioned results, the best useful error estimation statistical tools should point out the non-linear pseudo-first order model followed by non-linear pseudo-second order and nonlinear Esquivel as the best-fitting models.

AC was used for the MG adsorption in simulated aqueous solution. In batch mode, the adsorption was highly dependent on various operating parameters, such as contact time, and pH. The obtained results allowed to establish the following optimal conditions: 120 min time contact and pH 6 leading to 70 % MG removal obtained at home temperature. The adsorption kinetic of MG onto AC can be better fitted by the pseudo-second order linear model [type 9 and type 10) as compared to the non-linear pseudo-second-order model, linear pseudosecond- order model, pseudo first order, pseudo third order, and Esquivel models. On the whole, the experimental results showed that AC is suitable adsorbent for the removal of MG dye.

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^*Corresponding author. E-mail address: benmaamarzoubir@yahoo.fr

Received August 10, 2016; accepted June 13, 2017

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