<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0872-671X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Medicina Interna]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Medicina Interna]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0872-671X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0872-671X2022000100040</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24950/rspmi.2022.01.301</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Role of Neuropeptides in Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Mastocytosis and Similarities with Irritable Bowel Syndrome]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Papel dos Neuropéptidos nas Manifestações Gastrointestinais Associadas à Mastocitose Sistémica e Semelhanças com a Síndrome do Intestino Irritável]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina Perez]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af4"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) Serviço de Hematologia Clínica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto Consulta Multidisciplinar de Linfomas Cutâneos e Mastocitoses (CMLC) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>40</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0872-671X2022000100040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0872-671X2022000100040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0872-671X2022000100040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the extracutaneous proliferation of clonal MC in the bone marrow or other extramedullary sites with or without cutaneous involvement. GastrointestinaI (GI) manifestations, consisting of abdominal pain, diarrhea and malabsorption with various degrees of severity, are frequent in patients with SM and can result from mediator release or direct MC infiltration of the GI tract. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic and recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort associated with defecation or change in bowel habit. The interaction between immune system and neuropeptides and the enhancement of an inflammatory mucosal response with an increase in immune cells is a key feature of IBS. Previous evidence shows that there is an increased number of MC in the intestinal and colonic mucosa of IBS patients. MC are present in the GI and their activation has been associated to some pro-secretory neurotransmitters such as substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the proximity of enteric nerves suggesting a bidirectional regulatory pathway with neurocrine control of MC activation. Research concerning the role of enteric MC in both SM and IBS is still scarce as well as their link to neuro-peptides. Likewise, more evidence is needed regarding MC and neuropeptides interaction in order to further comprehend the pathophysiology of the GI manifestations of SM and IBS, and the boundaries between these pathologies. In this review we hypothesize that GI symptoms SM and in IBS have similar mechanisms and mediators, with a special focus in the role of mucosal MC and neuropeptides.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A mastocitose sistémica (MS) é uma neoplasia mielopro-liferativa rara caracterizada pela proliferação extracutânea de mastócitos clonais na medula óssea ou em outros sítios extramedulares, com ou sem envolvimento cutâneo. As manifestações gastrointestinais (GI), consistindo em dor abdominal, diarreia e má absorção com vários graus de gravidade, são frequentes em pacientes com MS e podem resultar da infiltração direta do trato GI e/ou da libertação de mediadores produzidos por estas células. A síndrome do intestino irritável (SII) é um distúrbio funcional do intestino caraterizado por dor abdominal crónica e recorrente, desconforto associado à defecação e alterações dos hábitos intestinais. A interação entre o sistema imunológico e os neuropéptidos e a intensificação de uma resposta inflamatória da mucosa com um aumento nas células imunológicas é uma característica chave da SII. Evidências anteriores mostram que há um aumento do número de mastócitos na mucosa intestinal e do cólon de doentes com SII. Os mastócitos estão presentes no tracto GI e sua ativação foi as-sociada a alguns neurotransmissores pró-secretores, como a substância P e o peptídeo intestinal vasoativo, na proximidade de nervos entéricos, sugerindo uma via regulatória bidirecional com controlo da ativação dos mastócitos. A investigação sobre o papel dos mastócitos entéricos na MS e na SII ainda é escassa, bem como sua ligação com os neuropéptidos. Da mesma forma, são necessárias mais evidências sobre a interação entre mastócitos e neuropéptidos para compreender melhor a fisiopatologia das manifestações GI associadas à MS e à SII, e as fronteiras entre estas patologias. Nesta revisão, colocamos a hipótese dos sintomas GI em doentes com MS e em doentes com SII terem mecanismos e mediadores semelhantes, com um foco especial no papel do MC da mucosa e neuropéptidos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Diarreia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Mastócitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Mastocitose Sistémica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Neuropéptidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Péptido Intestinal Vasoativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Síndrome do Intestino Irritável]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Substância P]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Trato Gastrointestinal.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Diarrhea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal Tract]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Irritable Bowel Syndrome]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mast Cells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mastocytosis, Systemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neuropeptides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Substance P]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasserjian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thiele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Beau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>2391-405</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metcalfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mastocytosis 2016 updated WHO classifica-tion and novel emerging treatment concepts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<page-range>1420-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pizzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanguedolce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zizzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palicelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soriano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Systemic Mastocytosis The Need of a Multidisciplinary Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancers]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>3316</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sébastian Domingo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Clin]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>158</volume>
<page-range>76-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dean Befus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kulka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cell mediators Their differential release and the secretory pathways involved]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Immunol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Traina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of mast cells in the gut and brain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Integr Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>185-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal abnormalities and involvement in systemic mas-tocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hematol Oncol Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>579-623</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cherner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JAYA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dubois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorisio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TMO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metcalfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Systemic Mastocytosis A Prospective Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<page-range>657-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sepehr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamilton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castells]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A clinicopathological study of 24 cases of systemic mastocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract and assessement of the mucosal mast cell density in irritable bowel syndrome and asymptomatic patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>832-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geboes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shepherd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Hertogh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Nicola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systemic mastocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract clinicopatho-logic and molecular study of five cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mod Pathol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>1508-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whittaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enns]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zetler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>7005-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intestinal mucosal mast cells enumeration in urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Der-matol]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<page-range>573-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diebold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ludolph-Hauser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Löhrs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are gastrointestinal mu-cosal mast cells increased in patients with systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Clin Pathol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<page-range>560-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PBJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of the mast cell in clinical gastrointestinal disease with special reference to systemic mastocytosis.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Invest Dermatol]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>96</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathology of extramedullary mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Immunol Allergy Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>323-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scolapio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolfe 3rd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malavet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Endoscopic findings in systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastrointest Endosc]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>608-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immunoreactivity for CD25 in gastrointestinal mucosal mast cells is specific for systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>1669-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shih]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deshpande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zukerberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinicopathological cha-racteristics of systemic mastocytosis in the intestine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Histopathology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>1021-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vajpeyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diag-nostic Histopathol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>167-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stead]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bramwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riddell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bienenstock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in the human gastrointestinal mucosa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>575-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SRJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cell disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Allergy Proc.]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>13303-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramsay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vltaggio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cells in gastrointestinal disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>772-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Georgin-lavialle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canioni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandesris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Launay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastrointestinal manifestations in mastocytosis A study of 83 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Allergy Clin Immunol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<page-range>866-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Libel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biddle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PBJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of anorectal physiology in patients with increased mast cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Dis Sci]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>877-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tzankov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duncavage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Craig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelemen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mastocytosis Lessons Learned From the 2019 Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology Workshop]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Clin Pa-thol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>155</volume>
<page-range>239-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Behdad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systemic mastocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract case report and review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Pathol Lab Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<page-range>1220-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bedeir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jukic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mullady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Regueiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krasinskas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sys-temic mastocytosis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease A case report and discussion of gastrointestinal pathology in systemic mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>1478-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zorzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zizzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gastroin-testinal Mastocytosis A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall to Be Aware]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>643-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johncilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jessurun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellizzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are Enterocolic Mucosal Mast Cell Aggregates Clinically Relevant in Patients Without Suspected or Established Systemic Mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>1390-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tharp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Spectrum of Mastocytosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Med Sci]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>289</volume>
<page-range>119-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enteric neuroimmunophysiology and pathophysiology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroen-terology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>127</volume>
<page-range>635-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guilarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stress neuropeptides evoke epithelial responses via mast cell activation in the rat colon]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychoneuroendocrinology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>1248-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keita Å]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Söderholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ericson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stress-induced barrier disruption of rat follicle-associated epithelium involves corticotropin-releasing hormone, acetylcholine, substance P, and mast cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurogastroenterol Motil]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>e221-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metcalfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mekori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physiol Rev]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<page-range>1033-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LCH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of mast cells in intestinal mucosal function Stu-dies in models of hypersensitivity and stress]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Immunol Rev]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<page-range>61-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pothoulakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immunomodulatory properties of substance P The gastrointestinal system as a model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1088</volume>
<page-range>23-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raithel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of substance P on histamine secretion from gut mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>496-503</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanisz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wershil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Substance P induces ion secretion in mouse small intestine through effects on enteric nerves and mast cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>269</volume>
<page-range>G85-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janiszewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bienenstock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blennerhassett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Picomolar doses of substance P trigger electrical responses in mast cells without degranulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Physiol - Cell Physiol]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>267</volume>
<page-range>C138-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Diest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanisor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boeckxstaens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Jonge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relevance of mast cell-nerve interactions in intestinal no-ciception]]></article-title>
<collab>van den Wijngaard RM</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>1822</volume>
<page-range>74-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fahrenkrug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to central and peripheral neurons]]></article-title>
<collab>Schaffalitzky De Muckadell O.Sundler F.Håkanson R.Rehfeld JR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>3197-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casado-Bedmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SDS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myrelid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Söderholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keita Å]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Upregu-lation of intestinal mucosal mast cells expressing VPAC1 in close proximity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in inflammatory bowel disease and mu-rine colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurogastroenterol Motil]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jayawardena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alrefai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyuksel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dudeja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Expression and localization of VPAC1, the major receptor of vasoactive in-testinal peptide along the length of the intestine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>313</volume>
<page-range>G16-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EKLUND]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JODAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LUNDGREN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SJOQVIST]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on blood flow, motility and fluid transport in the gas-trointestinal tract of the cat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Physiol Scand]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>461-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fahrenkrug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transmitter Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pharmacol Toxicol]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<page-range>354-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwasaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akiba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaunitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent advances in vasoactive intesti-nal peptide physiology and pathophysiology Focus on the gastrointestinal system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[F1000Research]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morteau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozymski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woosley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sartor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Dis Sci]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>1236-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlation of gut hormones with irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Digestion]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>72-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duffy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zielezny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riepenhoff-Talty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a laboratory supplement to clini-cal activity index in inflammatory bowel disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Dis Sci]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>1528-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longstreth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Houghton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mearin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spiller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Functional Bowel Disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<page-range>1480-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drossman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Creed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svedlund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitehead]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychosocial aspects of the functional gastrointestinal disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>^s2</numero>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<supplement>2</supplement>
<page-range>II25-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uranga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cell regulation and irritable bowel syndrome Effects of food components with potential nutraceutical use]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>4314</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guilarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malagelada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome the mast cell connection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>129-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanghellini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Giorgio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corinaldesi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Functional gastrointestinal disorders and mast cells implications for therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurogastroenterol Motil]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>6-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Austen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The diverse roles of mast cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Medicine]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>194</volume>
<page-range>f1-f</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guilarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>203-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KIM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mucosal mast cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhea pre-dominant irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>71-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prabhakar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Duodenal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis as possible disease markers in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia]]></article-title>
<collab>Pennaneac'h CJ.Aro P.Ronkainen J</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>765-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saint-Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dainese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marine-Barjoan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iannelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cells and cellularity of the colonic mucosa correlated with fatigue and depression in irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>468-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katinios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casado-Bedmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bednarska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increased Colonic Epithelial Permeability and Mu-cosal Eosinophilia in Ulcerative Colitis in Remission Compared with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>974-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biddle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhatia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Terminal ileal mucosal mast cells in irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Dis Sci]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>1590-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>O'sullivan M.Clayton N.Breslin NP.Harman I.Bountra C.McLaren A</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurogastroenterol Motil]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>449-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Activated Mast Cells Infiltrate in Close Proximity to Enteric Nerves in Diarrhea-predominant Irrita-ble Bowel Syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Korean Med Sci]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>204-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triadafilopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theoharides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cell and substance P-positive nerve involvement in a patient with both irri-table bowel syndrome and interstitial cystitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urology]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>436-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanghellini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Giorgio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cremon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cottrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdomi-nal pain in irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<page-range>693-702</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>66</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bednarska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casado-Bedmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvo-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Mast Cells Regulate Increased Passage of Colonic Bacteria in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>153</volume>
<page-range>948-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>67</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mast cell number, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>43-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<label>68</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casado-Bedmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keita Å]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential neuro-immune therapeutic targets in irritable bowel syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
