Alexander Kofinas 1
Irina Saur-Amaral 2
1 Manchester Metropolitan University, Business Information Technology Group, Graduate School of Business
2 Universidade de Aveiro, Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial
Abstract. The pharmaceutical industry is knowledge and research-intensive. Due to technological, socio-political and organisational changes there has been a continuous evolution in the knowledge base utilized to achieve and maintain competitive advantages in this global industry. There is a gap in analysing the linkages and effects of those changes on knowledge creation processes associated with pharmaceutical R&D activities. Our paper looks to fill this gap. We built on an idiosyncratic research approach – the systematic literature review – and looked to unearth current trends affecting knowledge creation in international/global pharmaceutical R&D. We reviewed scientific papers published between 1980 and 2005. Key findings include promising trends in pharmaceutical innovation and human resource management, and their potential implications on current R&D practices within the pharmaceutical industry, from managerial and policy-making perspectives.
Key words: Knowledge creation, pharmaceutical industry, systematic review, global R&D.
]]>Resumo. A indústria farmacêutica baseia-se na utilização intensiva de conhecimento e na investigação e desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Devido às mudanças tecnológicas, sociopolíticas e organizacionais, a base de conhecimento utilizada para conquistar e manter as vantagens competitivas tem estado a evoluir constantemente. Existe uma lacuna na análise das relações e dos efeitos daquelas mudanças nos processos de criação de conhecimento associados às actividades farmacêuticas de I&D. O nosso artigo procura colmatar esta mesma lacuna. Recorremos a uma abordagem original de investigação – a revisão sistemática da literatura – e procurámos identificar as tendências que afectam actualmente a criação de conhecimento nas actividades de I&D internacional/global. Considerámos na revisão artigos científicos publicados entre 1980 e 2005. Os principais resultados incluem as tendências promissoras na inovação farmacêutica e na gestão de recursos humanos, e as suas potenciais implicações nas práticas actuais de I&D na indústria farmacêutica, considerando as perspectivas da gestão e da governação.
Palavras-chave: Criação de conhecimento, indústria farmacêutica, revisão sistemática da literatura, I&D global.
Full text only available in PDF format.
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
References
Arlington, S. S. B., Hughes, S., & Palo, J. (2002). Pharma 2010: The threshold of innovation. New York: IBM Business Consulting Services. [ Links ]
Attridge, J. (2007). Innovation models in the biopharmaceutical sector. International Journal of Innovation Management, 11 (2), 215-243.
]]> Atun, R. A., Gurol-Urganci, I., & Sheridan, D. (2007). Uptake and diffusion of pharmaceutical innovations in health systems. International Journal of Innovation Management, 11 (2), 299-322.Atun, R. A., & Sheridan, D. (2007). Innovation in health care: The Engine of technological advances. International Journal of Innovation Management, 11 (2), v-x.
Bierly, P., & Chakrabarti, A. (1996). Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (winter special issue), 123-135.
Blackler, F. (1995). Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation. Organization Studies, 16 (6), 1021-1046.
Cabrera, A., & Cabrera, E. F. (2002). Knowledge-sharing dilemmas. Organization Studies, 23 (5), 687-710.
Class, S. (2002). Pharma overview. Chemical & Engineering News, 80 (48), 39-49.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods prproaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Datamonitor (2004). Addressing pharma’s R&D productivity crisis. London: Datamonitor.
DiMasi, J., Grabowski, H., & Vernon, J. (2004). R&D costs and returns by therapeutic category. Drug Information Journal, 38, 211-223.
Galambos, L., & Sturchio, J. L. (1998). Pharmaceutical firms and the transition to biotechnology: A study in strategic innovation. Business History Review, 72 (2), 250-278.
]]> Gassmann, O., & Reepmeyer, G. (2005). Organizing pharmaceutical innovation: From science-based knowledge creators to drug-oriented knowledge brokers. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14 (3), 233-245.Gray, P. H. (2001). The impact of knowledge repositories on power and control in the workplace. Information, Technology & People, 14 (4), 368-384.
Hargadon, A. B. (1998). Firms as knowledge brokers: Lessons in pursuing continuous innovation. California Management Review, 40 (3), 209-227.
Hayes, N., & Walsham, G. (2003). Knowledge sharing and ICT’s: A relational perspective. In M. Easterby-Smith, & M. Lyles (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management (pp. 54-77). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Higgins, J., & Green, S. (Eds.) (2005). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 4.2.5. Retrieved 24th of April 2006, from http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/handbook.pdf
Hold, R. (2004). Evaluating a computer-based marketing course by means of focus groups and interviews. In J. Gadner & R. Buber (Eds.), Organising knowledge: Methods and case studies (pp. 120-140). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Howells, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Information and communication technologies, knowledge activities and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 14 (3), 355-370.
IMS (2006). Intelligence. 360: Global pharmaceutical perspectives in 2005. Fairfield, US: IMS.
Lerer, L., & Piper, M. (2003). Digital strategies in the pharmaceutical industry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Macpherson, A., & Holt, R. (2005a). Knowledge, learning and SME growth: A systematic review of the evidence. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.
]]> Macpherson, A., & Holt, R. (2005b). Knowledge, learning and SME growth: A systematic review of the evidence. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.Martin, S. (2003). The evaluation of strategic research partnerships. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 15 (2), 159-176.
McMeekin, A., & Harvey, M. (2002). The formation of bioinformatic knowledge markets: An ‘economies of knowledge’ approach. Manchester: CRIC, The University of Manchester & UMIST.
Mittra, J. (2007). Life science innovation and the restructuring of the pharmaceutical industry: Merger, acquisition and strategic alliance behaviour of large firms. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 19 (3), 279-301.
Nonaka, I., Reinmoller, P., & Toyama, R. (2001). Integrated information technology systems for knowledge creation. In M. Dierkes, A. Berthoin, J. Child, & I. Nonaka (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management (pp. 826-848). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Richards, L. (2004). Managing complexity: Knowledge organisation and qualitative software. In J. Gadner & R. Buber (Eds.), Organising knowledge: Methods and case studies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rousch, W. (2001). Lean mean R&D machines. Technology Review, 104 (10), 71-78.
Salazar, A., Hackney, R., & Howells, J. (2002). The strategic impact of internet technology in biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms: insights from a knowledge management perspective. Information Technology and Management, 4, 289-301.
Salman, N., & Saives, A.-L. (2005). Indirect networks: an intangible resource for biotechnology innovation. R & D Management, 35 (2), 203-215.
]]> Studt, T. (2003). Knowledge management is key to improving drug R&D cycles. R & D, 45 (4), 18-19.Thomas, L. G., III (2004). Are we all global now? Local vs. foreign sources of corporate competence: the case of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 25 (8/9), 865-886.
Thorpe, R., Holt, R., Macpherson, A., & Pittaway, L. (2005). Using knowledge within small and medium-sized firms: A systematic review of the evidence. International Journal of Management Review, 7 (4), 257-281.
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14, 207-222.
Address: Manchester Metropolitan University Business Scholl, Aytoun Campus Manchester, M1 3GH, United Kingdom. E-mail: a.kofinas@mmu.ac.uk
]]>