<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-2159</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port Pneumol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-2159</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-21592010000500008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Tratamento da tuberculose de infecção latente: As recomendações actuais]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Latent tuberculosis infection treatment: Current recommendations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Diagnóstico Pneumológico de Vila Nova de Gaia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Referência de Tuberculose Multi-resistente da Região Norte  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,UP - Universidade do Porto FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Diagnóstico Pneumológico de Venda Nova  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Referência Nacional de Tuberculose Multi-resistente  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>809</fpage>
<lpage>814</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-21592010000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-21592010000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-21592010000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O diagnóstico e tratamento da infecção latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis reduz significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de tuberculose activa e a transmissão da doença na comunidade. O rastreio da tuberculose infecção latente deve passar pela exclusão de doença activa (inquérito de sintomas e radiografia pulmonar) e avaliação da resposta imunológica ao M. tuberculosis através dos testes actualmente ao dispor, como o teste tuberculínico e os testes IGRA (interferon-gamma release assay). A escolha do esquema de tratamento deve ter em linha de conta a eficácia, a adesão e os efeitos colaterais associados ao mesmo Este documento actualiza as recomendações sobre tratamento da tuberculose infecção latente. São apresentadas indicações sobre quem deve ser rastreado e revistos os esquemas de tratamento.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Diagnosis and treatment of latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI), significantly reduces the risk of developing active tuberculosis and the transmission of the disease in the community. LTBI screening must pass by the exclusion of active disease (symptoms enquiry and chest radiography) and assessment of immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis testing with the tests currently available - tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The choice of treatment must take into account the efficacy and side effects associated with the same. This document provides updated recommendations on latent tuberculosis infection treatment. Topics covered include whom to test for TB and reviewed LTBI treatment regimens.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Tuberculose]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[tuberculose infecção latente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[tratamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[preventivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tuberculosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[latent tuberculosis infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[treatment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[preventive]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><b>Tratamento da tuberculose de infecção latente. As recomendações actuais</b></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>R Duarte <sup>1,2,3,4*</sup>, </b><b>M Villar <sup>5,6*</sup> e </b><b>A Carvalho <sup>1,3*</sup></b></p>      <p><sup>1</sup> Centro Diagnóstico Pneumológico de Vila Nova de Gaia</p>     <p><sup>2</sup> Centro de Referência de Tuberculose Multi-resistente da Região Norte</p>     <p><sup>3</sup> Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</p>     <p><sup>4</sup> Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade do Porto.</p>     <p><sup>5</sup> Centro Diagnóstico Pneumológico de Venda Nova. Lisboa</p>     <p><sup>6</sup> Centro de Referência Nacional de Tuberculose Multi -resistente</p>     <p><sup>*</sup> Comissão de Trabalho de Tuberculose da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b><a name="top0"></a><a href="#0">Correspondência</a></b></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Resumo</b></p>      <p>O diagnóstico e tratamento da infecção latente por <b><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis    </i></b>reduz significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de tuberculose activa    e a transmissão da doença na comunidade. O rastreio da tuberculose infecção    latente deve passar pela exclusão de doença activa (inquérito de sintomas e    radiografia pulmonar) e avaliação da resposta imunológica ao <b><i>M. tuberculosis    </i></b>através dos testes actualmente ao dispor, como o teste tuberculínico    e os testes IGRA (<i>interferon-gamma release assay</i>). A escolha do esquema    de tratamento deve ter em linha de conta a eficácia, a adesão e os efeitos colaterais    associados ao mesmo Este documento actualiza as recomendações sobre tratamento    da tuberculose infecção latente. São apresentadas indicações sobre quem deve    ser rastreado e revistos os esquemas de tratamento.</p>     <p><b>Palavras-chave: </b>Tuberculose, tuberculose infecção latente, tratamento,    preventivo.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Latent tuberculosis infection treatment. Current recommendations</b></p>      <p><b>Abstract</b></p>      <p>Diagnosis and treatment of latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI), significantly reduces the risk of developing active tuberculosis and the transmission of the disease in the community. LTBI screening must pass by the exclusion of active disease (symptoms enquiry and chest radiography) and assessment of immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis testing with the tests currently available – tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The choice of treatment must take into account the efficacy and side effects associated with the same. This document provides updated recommendations on latent tuberculosis infection treatment. Topics covered include whom to test for TB and reviewed LTBI treatment regimens.</p>      <p><b>Key words:</b> Tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection, treatment, preventive.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Introdução</b></p>      <p>O tratamento da infecção latente por <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>reduz significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de tuberculose activa e a transmissão da doença na comunidade. Assim, o diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose infecção latente fazem parte de uma estratégia de eliminação de tuberculose, prevenindo novos casos de tuberculose no futuro<sup>1-4</sup>. Os estudos de longo prazo foram efectuados com a isoniazida, revelando que a sua administração 3, 6 ou 12 meses, reduzia o risco de evolução para doença em 21%, 65% e 75%, respectivamente<sup>5,6</sup>. A adesão ao tratamento foi reconhecido como um parâmetro fundamental, sendo a sua eficácia maior quando associada à toma de pelo menos 80% das doses<sup>5-9</sup>.</p>     <p>Com o objectivo de melhorar a adesão ao tratamento e simultaneamente resolver o problema da infecção com estirpes resistentes à isoniazida, surgiram vários esquemas curtos que são apresentados mais à frente.</p>      <p>O rastreio da tuberculose infecção latente deve passar pela exclusão de doença activa (inquérito de sintomas e radiografia pulmonar) e avaliação da resposta imunológica ao <i>M. tuberculosis </i>através dos testes actualmente ao dispor, como o teste tuberculínico e os testes IGRA (<i>interferon-gamma release assay</i>).</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Quem deve ser rastreado para tuberculose infecção latente?</b></p>      <p>Devem ser rastreados para tuberculose infecção latente todos os indivíduos com risco elevado para tuberculose (Quadro I): </p>      <p>• Recentemente infectados e por isso com maior risco de desenvolver doença.</p>      <p>• Aqueles que, estando infectados, têm maior risco de desenvolver doença pela coexistência de comorbilidades ou de medicação que interfira com o estado imunitário. </p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>O rastreio de tuberculose infecção latente só deve ter lugar se estiver garantido o tratamento a todas as pessoas identificadas como elegíveis para tratamento. A escolha do esquema de tratamento deve ter em linha de conta a eficácia, a adesão e os efeitos colaterais associados ao mesmo e ser sempre efectuado com o máximo de segurança.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Quadro I –</b> Quem deve ser rastreado para tuberculose infecção latente<sup>10-15</sup></p> <img src="/img/revistas/pne/v16n5/16n5a08q1.jpg">      
<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Esquemas de tratamento</b></p>      <p>Consideram-se elegíveis para tratamento as pessoas a quem tenha sido efectuado o diagnóstico de tuberculose infecção latente e que pertençam a um grupo de risco acrescido de evolução para tuberculose activa.</p>      <p>Devem ser ponderados os condicionalismos ao tratamento, nomeadamente a coexistência de patologia hepática ou más condições de adesão.</p>     <p>Existem actualmente vários regimes de tratamento da tuberculose infecção latente. Regimes de 6, 9 ou 12 meses de isoniazida (H), de 4 meses de rifampicina (R) ou de 3 meses de isoniazida e rifampicina (HR).</p>      <p>Os regimes contendo rifampicina e pirazinamida deixaram de ser recomendados, devido à sua associação a casos graves de toxicidade hepática, por vezes fatais<sup>22,23,24</sup>.</p>      <p>Devem ser utilizados esquemas terapêuticos devidamente estudados, com comprovada eficácia e com baixa taxa de efeitos cola terais<sup>5,9,10,16-21</sup>. No Quadro II, apresentam-se os esquemas terapêuticos que, até à data, cumprem estas características.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Quadro II –</b> Esquemas terapêuticos para tratamento da tuberculose infecção latente e efeitos  colaterais mais frequentes</p> <img src="/img/revistas/pne/v16n5/16n5a08q2.jpg">      
<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Risco de toxicidade medicamentosa</b></p>      <p>O efeito colateral mais importante é a toxicidade hepática. O risco de toxicidade hepática aumenta com a idade (1,2% no grupo etário dos 35 aos 49 anos e 2,3% dos 50 aos 64 anos) e o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, ocorrendo na maior parte das situações nos três primeiros meses<sup>5,27</sup>.</p>     <p>Aqueles que tiverem história de contacto próximo recente ou que têm condições clínicas que aumentem significativamente o risco de progressão para tuberculose activa (infecção por VIH, candidatos a anti–TNF alfa) devem ser tratados, independentemente da idade, desde que não apresentem alterações de função hepática antes do início do tratamento.</p>      <p>A administração de vitamina B6 (25 mg/ /dia) reduz os efeitos centrais e periféricos da isoniazida sobre o sistema nervoso  central<sup>28</sup> e deve ser administrada em pessoas com história de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, grávidas, mulheres em pós-parto, lactentes, malnutridos, infectados com VIH, pessoas com neoplasia, doença hepática, diabetes ou neuropatia periférica preexistente.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Monitorização</b></p>      <p>Todos os indivíduos em tratamento para tuberculose infecção latente devem ser monitorizados regularmente. Esta monitorização deve envolver exame clínico, estudo analítico (se necessário) e educação sobre sinais e sintomas de reacções adversas aos fármacos utilizados<sup>29</sup>.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>A avaliação laboratorial inicial deve incluir hemograma e estudo de função hepática e deve ser repetida mensalmente nos indivíduos:</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>• VIH positivos</p>      <p>• Com história de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, doença hepática prévia</p>      <p>• Grávidas ou mulheres em pós-parto</p>      <p>• Com história de consumo de drogas</p>      <p>• Com idade acima de 35 anos</p>      <p>• A tomar outros fármacos hepatotóxicos ou com outras comorbilidades</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>O aparecimento de sintomas exige avaliação clínica e analítica.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Comentário</b></p>      <p>O tratamento da tuberculose infecção latente é um progresso na abordagem da tuberculose, permitindo evitar casos de doença no futuro e, consequente, transmissão da doença.</p>      <p>O seu diagnóstico e tratamento devem, contudo, ser bem ponderados e orientados.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Bibliografia</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Pediatric Tuberculosis Collaborative Group.    Targeted tuberculin skin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection    in children and adolescents. 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Raquel Duarte</p>     <p>CDP Vila Nova de Gaia</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Rua Conselheiro Veloso</p>     <p>Vila Nova de Gaia</p>     <p><i>e-mail: </i><a href="mailto:raquelfduarte@gmail.com">raquelfduarte@gmail.com</a></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Recebido para publicação<i>: </i>25.01.10</b></p>     <p><b>Aceite para publicação<i>: </i>11.05.10</b></p>       ]]></body><back>
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