<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-3015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mill]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-3015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico de Viseu (IPV)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-30152020000300011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29352/mill0213.01.00285</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Virulence, ligninolytic enzymes and metabolic profile of cryphonectria parasitica virulent and hypovirulent strains converted by CHV1 hypovirus.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Virulência, enzimas lenhinolíticas e perfil metabólico de cryphonectria parasitica em estirpes virulentas e hipovirulentas convertidas por CHV1 hipovirus.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Virulencia, enzimas ligninolíticas y perfil metabólico de cryphonectria parasitica en cepas virulentas e hypovirulentas convertidas por CHV1 hipovirus.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ouni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar Abdelaziz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lurdes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luísa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coelho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valentim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gouveia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugénia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Bragança  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bragança ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo Escola Superior Agrária ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Viana do Castelo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>13</numero>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>21</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-30152020000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-30152020000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-30152020000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, causes necrotic lesions (so-called cankers) on the bark of stems and branches of susceptible host trees. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) infects C. parasitica and reduces the fungus virulence (hypovirulence) and alters the fungus morphology in culture (pigmentation and sporulation capacity). By these characteristics, the strains with hypovirus CHV1 are used in Europe as a biological control agent of chestnut blight.  Objectives:  The aim of this work is to understand the effect of hypovirus on fungi virulence by comparing the production of some lignin-degrading enzymes and the metabolic profiles of some isogenic virulent and hypovirulent (converted and original) strains.  Methods:  The virulence of each strain was evaluated by mycelial inoculation on apple fruits (cv. Golden Delicious) and on detached, one year old, chestnut branches. To detect the activity of ligninolytic enzymes (laccases, peroxidases and cellulases), various substrates and indicator compounds were used. The metabolic profile of C. parasitica was evaluated by the Biolog FF system using 95 different carbon sources.  Results:  Virulent strains were found to cause more significant necrotic lesions in chestnut branches (p&lt;0.05) and to produce larger lignin-degrading enzymes. The use of Biolog FF MicroPlates indicated that the use of 95 carbon sources five isolates of C. parasitica were significantly different (p &lt;0.001), when the substrates were grouped into six types of chemical compounds. The highest AWCD values were obtained for carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers, and the lowest values for amines/amides, amino acids and miscellaneous.  Conclusions:  Virulence evaluation of C. parasitica strains is important to study the hypovirulence processes mediated by the hypovirus CHV1. The detached branches of chestnut were, in our study, more suitable than apple fruits test in discriminating hypovirulent from virulent strains of C. parasitica. Virulent strains showed higher activity of acid-tannic inducible laccase (Lac3) and other lignin-degrading enzymes (LiP, MnP, and cellulase) when compared with hypovirulent ones. The results of the metabolic profiles studies may lead to new perspectives for understanding the biological process used by the hypovirus therefore, this may suggest a method for discriminating hypovirulent strains and study ecology and field fitness in this fungal strains.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução: Cryphonectria parasitica, fungo responsável pelo cancro do castanheiro, causa lesões necróticas (cancros corticais) no tronco e ramos das árvores hospedeiras. O hipovírus, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) reduz a virulência (hipovirulência) e altera a morfologia do fungo em cultura (redução da pigmentação e esporulação). As estirpes hipovirulentas CHV1 são utilizadas com sucesso na Europa como agentes de controlo biológico do Cancro do castanheiro.  Objetivos:  O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender o efeito do hipovírus na virulência e metabolismo do fungo, comparando a produção de algumas enzimas lenhinolíticas e os perfis metabólicos de estirpes virulentas e estirpes isogénicas de C. parasitica convertidas (com CHV1).  Métodos:  A virulência de cada isolado foi avaliada por inoculação de micélio do fungo em maçãs (cv. Golden Delicious) e em ramos destacados de castanheiro com um ano de crescimento. Para a deteção da atividade de enzimas lenhinolíticas (lacases, peroxidases e celulases) foram usados vários substratos e compostos indicadores. O perfil metabólico de C. parasitica foi avaliado pelo sistema Biolog FF microplates pela utilização de 95 fontes diferentes de carbono.  Resultados  A utilização de MicroPlacas FF (Biolog, Inc.) indicaram que a utilização de 95 fontes de carbono pelos cinco isolados de C. parasitica, foram significativamente diferentes (p &lt;0,001), quando os substratos foram agrupados em seis tipos de compostos químicos. Os maiores valores de AWCD foram obtidos para os hidratos de carbono, ácidos carboxílicos e polímeros, e os menores valores para os grupos aminas / amidas, aminoácidos e compostos diversos.  Conclusões:  A avaliação da virulência de isolados de C. parasitica é importante para o estudo dos processos de hipovirulência mediados pelo hipovírus CHV1. Os ramos destacados de castanheiro foram, em nosso estudo, mais adequados que o teste em maçã para diferenciar as estirpes hipovirulentas das virulentas de C. parasitica. Os isolados virulentos evidenciaram sempre uma maior atividade de lacase induzida por ácido tânico (Lac3) e de outras enzimas lenhinolíticas (LiP, MnP e celulase) quando comparadas com os hipovirulentos. Os resultados da análise dos perfis metabólicos mostram que alguns grupos de substratos foram mais consumidos por isolados hipovirulentos. Estes estudos abrem novas perspetivas para entender o processo biológico usado pelo hipovírus, e sugerem que este é um método para discriminar estirpes hipovirulentas, e estudar a ecologia e a aptidão em campo destes isolados do fungo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[resumen está disponible en el texto completo]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cryphonectria parasitica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[virulence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[metabolic profile, Biolog FF MicroPlates]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ligninolytic enzymes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cryphonectria parasítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[virulência, perfil metabólico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Biolog FF MicroPlates]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[enzimas lenhinolíticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cryphonectria parasitica virulencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perfile metabólico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Microplacas Biolog FF]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enzimas ligninolíticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1)]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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