<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-3015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mill]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-3015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico de Viseu (IPV)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-30152021000200095</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29352/mill0215.22311</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The chestnut moth, cydis splendana (hübner) (lepidoptera: torticidae) in portugal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O bichado-da castanha, cydia splendana (hübner) (lepidoptera: torticidae) em portugal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La pollila del castanõ, cydia splendana (hübner) (lepidoptera: torticidae) en portugal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ema]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Albino]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Nacional de Competências dos Frutos Secos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bragança ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Cooperativa Soutos Os Cavaleiros  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Macedo de Cavaleiros ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Escola Superior Agrária ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bragança ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Centro de Investigação de Montanha ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bragança ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>15</numero>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>107</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-30152021000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-30152021000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-30152021000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The chestnut tree has enormous economic, social, cultural and environmental benefits in the Trás-os-Montes region of Portugal, as well as contributing to its characteristic landscape. The chestnut moth, Cydia splendana (Hübner), is considered a serious crop pest, affecting the quality and quantity of the chestnut fruit.  Objective:  To ascertain more about the biology of the chestnut moth and its economic impact.  Methods:  In 2018 and 2019, in six chestnut orchards in the Trás-os-Montes region, located in the districts of Bragança (Samil, Espinhosela and Parâmio), Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), Vinhais (Espinhoso) and Valpaços (Sobrado), each under different climatic conditions, the pest was monitored at different stages of development (immature and adult states) and the damage caused was estimated. Adults were monitored using delta traps, with sexual pheromones (three per orchard), 50 m apart; immature states were monitored by sampling 200 leaves and chestnut husks/fruits for each location. In the laboratory assays, the number of eggs and larvae was recorded. The intensity of attack was assessed by dissecting 1,800 fruits collected during the harvest.  Results:  Chestnut moth was recorded between mid-August and early October 2018, with the peak of flights taking place in late August in most of the orchards. In 2019 the flight period was shorter, ending in late September, with a peak flight period in the second week of September. In 2018, the first eggs were observed in mid-August and the first larvae in the last week of August. In 2019, the eggs started about a week later. The intensity of attack of the fruits ranged between 10.0% in the Sobrado orchard to 23.3% in Espinhoso.  Conclusion:  The insect&#8217;s biology seems to be slightly influenced by local climatic conditions. The catch levels were higher in Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), located at an altitude of 766 m, in an orchard with vegetation which is periodically removed. The damage caused by C. splendana was greater in orchards in close proximity to abandoned chestnut orchards and/or scrub containing wild chestnut trees, as in the case of Espinhoso with 23.3%, and Samil with 16.0%, of trees attacked.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  O castanheiro apresenta enorme importância económica, social, cultural e ambiental, em Trás-os-Montes (Portugal), constituindo-se ainda como um dos elementos caraterizadores da paisagem. O bichado-da-castanha, Cydia splendana (Hübner) é considerado praga-chave da cultura, afetando a qualidade e quantidade da castanha.  Objetivo:  Conhecer, de forma mais aprofundada, a biologia do bichado-da-castanha e a sua importância económica.  Métodos:  Em 2018 e 2019, em seis soutos da região de Trás-os-Montes, situados em Bragança (Samil, Espinhosela e Parâmio), Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), Vinhais (Espinhoso) e Valpaços (Sobrado), localizados a diferentes altitudes e em diferentes condições climáticas, procedeu-se à monitorização da praga nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento (estados imaturos e adultos) e à estimativa dos estragos provocados. Os adultos foram monitorizados recorrendo a armadilhas delta, com feromona sexual (três por souto), distanciadas entre si em 50 m e os estados imaturos através da colheita de 200 folhas e 100 ouriços/frutos, por souto. Em laboratório, registaram-se o número de ovos e larvas. A intensidade de ataque foi avaliada através da dissecação de 1800 frutos apanhados ao longo da colheita.  Resultados:  Foram registadas capturas do bichado-da-castanha, entre meados de agosto e início de outubro em 2018, com o pico do voo a ocorrer em finais de agosto, na maioria dos soutos. Em 2019 o período de voo foi mais curto, terminando em finais de setembro, com um pico de voo na segunda semana de setembro. Em 2018, as primeiras posturas observaram-se em meados de agosto e as primeiras larvas na última semana de agosto, enquanto em 2019 as posturas se iniciaram cerca de uma semana mais tarde. A intensidade de ataque dos frutos, situou-se entre os 10.0% no souto de Sobrado e os 23.3% no souto de Espinhoso.  Conclusão:  A biologia do inseto parece ser ligeiramente influenciada pelas condições climáticas do local. Os níveis de captura são superiores em Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), situado a uma altitude 766 metros, num souto com coberto vegetal destroçado periodicamente. Os prejuízos causados por C. splendana, foram maiores em soutos onde na área envolvente existem soutos abandonados e/ou mata de castanheiros bravos, como é o caso do souto de Espinhoso com 23.3% e do souto de Samil com 16.0% de castanhas atacadas. As castanhas dos castinçais e soutos abandonados, normalmente não são apanhadas, contribuído assim para o aumento da população da praga.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El castaño tiene una enorme importancia económica, social, cultural y ambiental en Trás-os-Montes (Portugal), constituyendo además uno de los elementos que caracterizan el paisaje. La polilla del castaño, Cydia splendana (Hübner) se considera una plaga clave de la cultura que afecta la calidad y cantidad de castaña.  Objetivo:  Conocer, con mayor profundidad, la biología de la polilla de la castaña y su importancia económica.  Métodos:  En 2018 y 2019, en seis castañares de la región de Tras-os-Montes, situados en Bragança (Samil, Espinhosela y Parâmio), Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), Vinhais (Espinhoso) y Valpaços (Sobrado), ubicados en diferentes altitudes y condiciones climáticas, se realizó la monitorización de la plaga en sus diferentes etapas de desarrollo (estados inmaduros y adultos) y se estimó el daño causado. Los adultos fueron monitoreados mediante trampas delta, con feromona sexual (tres en cada castañar cultivado) y separadas 50 m de distancia entre ellas, y los estados inmaduros mediante el muestreo de 200 hojas y erizos/frutos, por castañar. En el laboratorio, se registró el número de huevos y larvas en las hojas y frutos. La intensidad del ataque se evaluó diseccionando 1800 frutos recolectados durante el muestreo.  Resultados:  Fueron registradas capturas de polilla del castaño entre mediados de agosto y principios de octubre de 2018 y el pico del vuelo se produjo a finales de agosto en la mayoría de los castañares. En 2019 el periodo de vuelo fue más corto, terminando a finales de septiembre, con el pico de vuelo en la segunda semana de septiembre. En 2018, las primeras posturas se observaron a mediados de agosto y las primeras larvas en la última semana de agosto, mientras que en 2019 las posturas comenzaron, aproximadamente una semana después. La intensidad de ataque de frutos varió entre 10.0% en Sobrado e 23.3% en Espinhoso.  Conclusión:  La biología del insecto parece estar ligeramente influenciada por las condiciones climáticas locales. Los niveles de captura son más altos en Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira) que se encuentra a una altitud de 766 metros, en un castañar con cubierta vegetal desbrozada periódicamente. El daño causado por C. splendana, fue mayor en castañares en los que el área adyacente incluía castañares abandonados y/ o bosque de castaños bravos, como es el caso de Espinhoso con 23.3% y Samil con 16.0% de castañas atacadas respectivamente. Las castañas de castañares abandonados y bosques de castaños bravos normalmente no son recolectadas, contribuyendo por tanto al aumento de la población de plaga.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immature states]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[adults]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[damage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chestnuts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[biologia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[estados imaturos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[adultos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[estragos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[castanha]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estados inmaduros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[adultos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[daño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[castaño]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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