<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-3015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mill]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-3015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico de Viseu (IPV)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-30152025000100206</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29352/mill0226.38806</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Obstetric violence assessment scale: development and validation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Escala de avaliação da violência obstétrica: desenvolvimento e validação]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Escala de valoración de la violencia obstétrica: desarrollo y validación]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tavares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Márcio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexandre-Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sílvia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loureiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade dos Açores  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Açores ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Leiria ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Santo Espírito da Ilha Terceira  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Açores ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Insight: Piaget Research Center for Ecological Human Development  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Almada ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>26</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000100206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000100206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000100206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Obstetric violence has been the subject of debate among health professionals and in the media.  Objective:  Develop and validate an instrument to measure women's obstetric violence perception of labor and delivery experience.  Methods:  Based on the recommendations of the WHO, a scale composed of 38 statements was elaborated. The evaluation of the metric properties of the developed scale was carried out through an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis involving 615 women.  Results:  The final version of the scale, composed of 10 items, presented adequate adjustment indexes. The best quality model is composed of two dimensions (emotional and physical) (X2(34) = 150.946; p &lt; 0.001, X2df = 4.440; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.88; GFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.07, p &lt;0.001). The results revealed that the scale presents adequate internal consistency, in which the evaluation of exploratory factor validity verifies a good correlation between the variables. After analyzing the invariance of the type of calving, there was no metric invariance; however, the scalar invariance is sustainable.  Conclusion:  The results demonstrate that the scale is adequate to assess the perception of obstetric violence in the experience of labor and delivery.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  A violência obstétrica tem sido alvo de debate entre os profissionais de saúde e nos meios de comunicação social.  Objetivo:  Desenvolver e validar um instrumento para medir a perceção de violência obstétrica que as mulheres têm da experiência de trabalho de parto e parto.  Métodos:  Com base nas recomendações da WHO, elaborou-se uma escala composta por 38 afirmações. A avaliação das propriedades métricas da escala desenvolvida foi realizada através de uma análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, envolvendo 615 mulheres.  Resultados:  A versão final da escala, composta por 10 itens, apresentou índices de ajustamento adequados. O modelo de melhor qualidade é composto por duas dimensões (emocional e física) (X2(34) = 150.946; p &lt; 0.001, X2df = 4.440; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.88; GFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.07, p &lt;0.001). Os resultados revelaram que a escala apresente consistência interna adequada, em que a avaliação da validade fatorial exploratória verifica uma boa correlação entre as variáveis. Analisada a invariância relativamente ao tipo de parto, verificou-se não invariância métrica, contudo a invariância escalar é sustentável.  Conclusão:  Os resultados demonstram que a escala é adequada para avaliar a perceção de violência obstétrica na experiência de trabalho de parto e parto.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La violencia obstétrica ha sido objeto de debate entre los profesionales de la salud y en los medios de comunicación.  Objetivo:  Desarrollar y validar un instrumento para medir la percepción de las mujeres sobre la violencia obstétrica a partir de la experiencia del trabajo de parto y el parto.  Métodos:  A partir de las recomendaciones de la OMS, se elaboró una escala compuesta por 38 afirmaciones. La evaluación de las propiedades métricas de la escala desarrollada se realizó a través de un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, con la participación de 615 mujeres.  Resultados:  La versión final de la escala, compuesta por 10 ítems, presentó índices de ajuste adecuados. El modelo de mejor calidad se compone de dos dimensiones (emocional y física) (X2(34) = 150.946; p &lt; 0.001, X2df = 4.440; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.88; GFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.07, p &lt;0.001). Los resultados revelaron que la escala presenta una adecuada consistencia interna, en la que la evaluación de la validez factorial exploratoria verifica una buena correlación entre las variables. Luego de analizar la invarianza en relación con el tipo de parto, se encontró que no hubo invarianza métrica, sin embargo, la invarianza escalar es sostenible.  Conclusión:  Los resultados demuestran que la escala es adecuada para evaluar la percepción de la violencia obstétrica en la experiencia del trabajo de parto y el parto.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[experience]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[labor, obstetric]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[women]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[psychometrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[experiência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[parto obstétrico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mulheres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[psicometria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[experiencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[parto obstétrico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mulleres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[psicometría]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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