<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-3015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mill]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-3015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico de Viseu (IPV)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-30152025000300204</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29352/mill0228.41949</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Treatment of umbilical granuloma with common salt: a systematic review of current evidence]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Tratamento do granuloma umbilical com sal comum: uma revisão sistemática da evidência atual]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tratamiento del granuloma umbilical con sal común: una revisión sistemática de la evidencia actual]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Filipa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diogo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Matosinhos ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>28</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000300204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000300204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000300204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Umbilical granuloma (UG) is a common benign condition in neonates, characterized by the persistence of granulation tissue at the umbilical stump. Conventional treatment with silver nitrate is effective but may cause chemical burns and requires professional application. Common salt has emerged as a low-cost, safe, and readily available alternative, particularly beneficial in resource-limited settings.  Objective: To assess, based on the available scientific evidence, the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of using common salt as a therapeutic alternative to silver nitrate in the treatment of umbilical granuloma in neonates.  Methods: A systematic review was conducted, including randomized clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports published between 2020 and 2025. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar, and grey literature. Two independent reviewers carried out study selection, methodological quality assessment (using JBI and CARE tools), and data extraction. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to study heterogeneity.  Results: A total of 13 studies were included (4 RCTs, 5 observational studies, and 4 case reports). Resolution rates with common salt ranged from 85% to 100%, with an average healing time of 3 to 7 days and no relevant adverse events reported. Efficacy was comparable to silver nitrate, with additional benefits regarding safety and home-based application.  Conclusion: Common salt represents an effective, safe, and accessible alternative for the treatment of umbilical granuloma, with strong potential for home use. Further high-quality studies are needed to support the incorporation of this approach into clinical guidelines.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  O granuloma umbilical (GU) é uma condição benigna frequente em recém-nascidos, caracterizada pela persistência de tecido de granulação no coto umbilical. O tratamento convencional com nitrato de prata é eficaz, mas pode causar queimaduras químicas e exige aplicação profissional. O sal comum surge como uma alternativa de baixo custo, segura e de fácil acesso, especialmente útil em contextos com recursos limitados.  Objetivo:  Avaliar, com base na evidência científica disponível, a eficácia, segurança e viabilidade do uso de sal comum como alternativa terapêutica ao nitrato de prata no tratamento do granuloma umbilical em recém-nascidos.  Métodos:  Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos observacionais e relatos de caso publicados entre 2020 e 2025. As buscas ocorreram nas bases PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar e literatura cinzenta. Dois revisores independentes fizeram a seleção, avaliação metodológica (JBI e CARE) e extração dos dados. A síntese foi narrativa devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos.  Resultados:  Foram incluídos 13 estudos (4 ECRs, 5 observacionais e 4 relatos de caso). As taxas de resolução com sal variaram de 85% a 100%, com tempo médio de cura entre 3 e 7 dias e ausência de eventos adversos relevantes. A eficácia foi comparável à do nitrato de prata, com vantagens na segurança e aplicação domiciliar.  Conclusão:  O sal comum é uma alternativa eficaz, segura e acessível para o tratamento do granuloma umbilical, com potencial para uso domiciliar. São necessários mais estudos de alta qualidade para consolidar essa prática em diretrizes clínicas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: El granuloma umbilical (GU) es una afección benigna frecuente en recién nacidos, caracterizada por la persistencia de tejido de granulación en el muñón umbilical. El tratamiento convencional con nitrato de plata es eficaz, pero puede provocar quemaduras químicas y requiere aplicación profesional. La sal común ha surgido como una alternativa de bajo costo, segura y fácilmente accesible, especialmente útil en contextos con recursos limitados.  Objetivo: Evaluar, con base en la evidencia científica disponible, la eficacia, seguridad y viabilidad del uso de sal común como alternativa terapéutica al nitrato de plata en el tratamiento del granuloma umbilical en recién nacidos.  Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática que incluyó ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios observacionales e informes de casos publicados entre 2020 y 2025. Las búsquedas se efectuaron en PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar y literatura gris. Dos revisores independientes realizaron la selección de los estudios, la evaluación metodológica (utilizando las herramientas JBI y CARE) y la extracción de datos. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis narrativa debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios.  Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 estudios (4 ECA, 5 estudios observacionales y 4 informes de casos). Las tasas de resolución con sal oscilaron entre el 85% y el 100%, con un tiempo medio de curación de entre 3 y 7 días y sin eventos adversos relevantes. La eficacia fue comparable a la del nitrato de plata, con ventajas adicionales en términos de seguridad y aplicabilidad domiciliaria.  Conclusión: La sal común constituye una alternativa terapéutica eficaz, segura y accesible para el tratamiento del granuloma umbilical, con un alto potencial para su uso domiciliario. Se requieren estudios adicionales de alta calidad para consolidar esta práctica en las guías clínicas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[umbilical granuloma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sodium chloride]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[silver nitrate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infant]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[home care services]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[therapeutics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[granuloma umbilical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cloreto de sódio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[nitrato de prata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[infantil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[serviços de apoio domiciliário]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[terapêutica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[granuloma umbilical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cloruro de sodio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nitrato de plata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lactante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[servicios de atención domiciliaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[terapêutica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munghate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bodhanwala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bendre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Common salt versus silver nitrate for the treatment of umbilical granuloma in infants: An open-label, single-center, pilot randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>199-203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munghate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bodhanwala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of umbilical granuloma in infants with topical application of common salt: A scoping review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Pediatric Surgery]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>1843-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fawzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of table salt as a treatment of umbilical granuloma in neonates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haftu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gebremichael]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebedom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Salt treatment for umbilical granuloma - An effective, cheap, and available alternative treatment option: Case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>393-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haftu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tadesse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gebremedhin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Salt treatment for umbilical granuloma - An effective, cheap, and available alternative treatment option: Case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khaliq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kashif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sadiq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison between silver nitrate and table salt in the treatment of umbilical granuloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Professional Medical Journal]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>8113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abou-Jaoude]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Umbilical granuloma in infants: Review of clinical efficacy of topical common salt application and literature overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatric Dermatology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>744-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sultana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of table salt (NaCl) in the treatment of umbilical granuloma at household level]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mymensingh Medical Journal]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>1033-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojeola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oyeyemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effective home treatment of umbilical granuloma using table salt in African children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>30-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Özta&#351;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dursun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bilici]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Table salt is an alternative to silver nitrate cautery for the treatment of umbilical granuloma: A prospective randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Science and Technology Research]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>269-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aggarwal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaudhary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of common salt in the treatment of umbilical cord granuloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1478-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Sydney Children&#8217;s Hospitals Network</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Umbilical granuloma factsheet]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
