<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-3015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mill]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-3015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico de Viseu (IPV)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-30152025000300206</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29352/mill0228.42073</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Healthcare-associated infections in older adults in long-term care: scoping review]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde em pessoas idosas em cuidados de longa duração: scoping review]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria en personas mayores en cuidados a largo plazo: scoping review]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vera]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escola de Enfermagem de Lisboa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Irmãs Hospitaleiras Belas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Enfermagem de Lisboa Centro de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde de São José  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Comprehensive Health Research Center  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Évora ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>28</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000300206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000300206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-30152025000300206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) significantly impact elderly residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Diagnosing infections appearing 3-5 days post-admission is challenging, potentially misclassifying pre-existing conditions as HAIs.  Objective: To map and analyse the scientific evidence on the occurrence of HAIs in institutionalised older adults, focusing on the manifestation of infectious symptoms between the 3rd and 5th day after admission.  Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA-ScR. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL Complete databases, covering publications between 2015 and 2025. The inclusion criteria included studies with a population of &#8805;60 years old, in the context of LTCFs, with data on early manifestations of infections. Of the 423 studies identified, 15 were included after screening and full reading.  Results: Common LTCF pathogens (E. coli, S. aureus, influenza, RSV) frequently exhibit incubation periods overlapping the 3-5 day window, challenging the &#8805;48-hour HAI diagnostic criterion. This overlap raises concerns about overestimating HAIs, skewing epidemiological data, and hindering effective infection control. The current definition may misclassify pre-existing conditions. A more nuanced approach, incorporating detailed patient history and microbiological data, is needed to differentiate between pre-existing and institutionally-acquired infections.  Conclusion: The &#8805;48-hour HAI criterion requires critical re-evaluation in geriatric LTCFs to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide appropriate infection control strategies. Future studies should investigate alternative diagnostic thresholds and explore the clinical utility of incorporating biomarkers of infection onset and leveraging AI-driven predictive models. Artificial intelligence could assist in identifying at-risk patients and optimizing resource allocation.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução: As infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde (IACS) têm um impacto significativo nas pessoas idosas institucionalizadas em cuidados de longa duração (CLD). Diagnosticar infeções que surgem entre 3 e 5 dias após a admissão é desafiante, podendo levar a uma classificação imprecisa de condições pré-existentes como IACS.  Objetivo: Mapear a evidência científica disponível sobre a ocorrência de IACS em idosos institucionalizados, focando-se na manifestação de sintomas infecciosos entre o 3.º e o 5.º dia, após a admissão.  Métodos: Foi realizado scoping de acordo com a metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) e PRISMA-ScR. A pesquisa foi conduzida nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e CINAHL Complete, abrangendo publicações entre 2015 e 2025. Os critérios de inclusão contemplavam estudos com população &#8805; 60 anos, no contexto de IACS, com dados sobre manifestações precoces de infeções. Dos 423 estudos identificados, 15 foram incluídos após rastreio e leitura completa.  Resultados: Os patógenos comuns em CLD (E. coli, S. aureus, influenza, VSR) frequentemente apresentam períodos de incubação que se sobrepõem à janela de 3-5 dias, desafiando o critério diagnóstico de IACS de &#8805;48 horas. Esta sobreposição traz preocupações sobre a superestimação de IACS, enviesando dados epidemiológicos e dificultando o controlo eficaz de infeções. A definição atual pode classificar indevidamente condições pré-existentes. É necessária uma abordagem mais ampla, incorporando história clínica detalhada e dados microbiológicos, para diferenciar entre infeções pré-existentes e adquiridas institucionalmente.  Conclusão: O critério de IACS de &#8805;48 horas requer uma reavaliação crítica em CLD geriátricos para melhorar a precisão diagnóstica e orientar estratégias adequadas de controlo de infeções. Estudos futuros devem investigar limiares diagnósticos alternativos e explorar a utilidade clínica da incorporação de biomarcadores de início de infeção, bem como modelos preditivos impulsionados por inteligência artificial (IA). A IA poderia ajudar a identificar pessoas idosas em risco e a otimizar a alocação de recursos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria (IAAS) tienen un impacto significativo en las personas mayores institucionalizadas en cuidados de larga duración (CLD). Diagnosticar infecciones que surgen entre el tercer y el quinto día después del ingreso es un desafío, lo que puede llevar a una clasificación imprecisa de condiciones preexistentes como IAAS. Objetivo: Mapear la evidencia científica disponible sobre la ocurrencia de IAAS en personas mayores institucionalizadas, centrándose en la manifestación de síntomas infecciosos entre el tercer y el quinto día tras el ingreso.  Métodos: Se realizó un scoping review siguiendo la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) y PRISMA-ScR. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y CINAHL Complete, abarcando publicaciones entre 2015 y 2025. Los criterios de inclusión consideraron estudios con población &#8805; 60 años, en el contexto de IAAS, con datos sobre manifestaciones tempranas de infecciones. De los 423 estudios identificados, se incluyeron 15 tras el cribado y la lectura completa.  Resultados: Los patógenos comunes en CLD (E. coli, S. aureus, influenza, VSR) presentan frecuentemente períodos de incubación que se superponen a la ventana de 3 a 5 días, desafiando el criterio diagnóstico de IAAS de &#8805;48 horas. Esta superposición genera preocupaciones sobre la sobreestimación de IAAS, sesgando los datos epidemiológicos y dificultando un control eficaz de las infecciones. La definición actual puede clasificar incorrectamente condiciones preexistentes. Se requiere un enfoque más amplio, que incorpore una historia clínica detallada y datos microbiológicos, para diferenciar entre infecciones preexistentes y adquiridas institucionalmente.  Conclusión: El criterio de IAAS de &#8805;48 horas requiere una reevaluación crítica en el contexto de CLD geriátricos para mejorar la precisión diagnóstica y orientar estrategias adecuadas de control de infecciones. Futuros estudios deben investigar umbrales diagnósticos alternativos y explorar la utilidad clínica de incorporar biomarcadores de inicio de infección, así como modelos predictivos impulsados por inteligencia artificial (IA). La IA podría ayudar a identificar a personas mayores en riesgo y optimizar la asignación de recursos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[colonization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elderly]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epidemiological surveillance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[healthcare-associated infections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[long-term care facilities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[colonização]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[pessoa idosa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[vigilância epidemiológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cuidados de longa duração]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[colonización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[persona mayor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vigilancia epidemiológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cuidados a largo plazo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariza-Heredia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chemaly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infections in the elderly]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Care Clinics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>731-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reddy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spicer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bardossy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oakley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanwar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dyal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chisty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Methner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jernigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New England Journal of Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>382</volume>
<page-range>2081-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Healthcare-associated infections in long-term care facilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of point prevalence studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Public Health]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>2</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aragão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa-Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Classification of healthcare-associated infection: A systematic review 10 years after the first proposal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Medicine]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cassini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plachouras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckmanns]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abu Sin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ducomble]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klingeberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sixtensson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiß]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramarz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kretzchmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suetens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Burden of six healthcare-associated infections on European population health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLOS Medicine]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>16</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN): Long-term care facility component protocol]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Infection control in health care: An overview]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities, 2023-2024]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Eurostat</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ageing Europe - Statistics on an ageing society]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Publications Office of the European Union]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falsey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Drugs &amp; Aging]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>577-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haenen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veldman-Ariesen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Greeff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Benthem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. H. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surveillance of infections in long-term care facilities (LTCFs): The impact of participation during multiple years on healthcare-associated infection incidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Epidemiology and Infection]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>147</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halonen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Maaden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Greeff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Benthem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in Dutch long-term care facilities from 2009 to 2019]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hospital Infection]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>143</volume>
<page-range>150-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brookmeyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cummings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: A systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>291-300</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGeer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hierholzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Definitions of infection for surveillance in long-term care facilities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Infection Control]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirsaidov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagenlehner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Harnwegsinfektionen im Alter [Urinary tract infections in the elderly]]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urologe A]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>494-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mody]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Common infections in nursing homes: A review of current issues and challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aging Health]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>889-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caffrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jump]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mody]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial stewardship in long-term care facilities: A call to action]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Medical Directors Association]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>183.e1-183.e16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urinary tract infections in long-term-care facilities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infectious Disease Clinics of North America]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>573-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Godfrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McInerney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tricco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JBI Evidence Synthesis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>2119-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashraf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crnich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crossley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drinka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gould]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juthani-Mehta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lautenbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loeb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacCannell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mody]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mylotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roghmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scweon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bradley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surveillance definitions of infections in long-term care facilities: Revisiting the McGeer criteria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>965-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tricco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lillie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zarin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Brien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colquhoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weeks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hempel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aldcroft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrity]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Straus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Internal Medicine]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>169</volume>
<page-range>467-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vyas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daneman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotic prescribing and antimicrobial stewardship in long-term care facilities: Past interventions and implementation challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canada Communicable Disease Report]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>512-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sickbert-Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging healthcare-associated pathogens]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Infection Control]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>5, Suppl.</numero>
<issue>5, Suppl.</issue>
<page-range>S25-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Infection prevention and control guidance for long-term care facilities in the context of COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
