<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0873-6529</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Sociologia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0873-6529</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora Mundos Sociais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0873-65292003000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O parlamento português na construção de uma democracia digital]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cunha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nascimento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISCTE - Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dowling College  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Oakdale ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>42</numero>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>140</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0873-65292003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0873-65292003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0873-65292003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O presente artigo pretende analisar as práticas e representações dos deputados portugueses em termos da sua utilização das tecnologias de informação e comunicação em geral, e da internet em particular, na actividade parlamentar e partidária, no contexto de uma possível democracia digital. Com base no modelo de análise desenvolvido no âmbito da acção europeia COST A14 WG1, e recorrendo a inquéritos e entrevistas aos deputados portugueses, obteve-se uma caracterização que indicia especificidades no campo da apropriação política da internet para o exercício da comunicação vertical com eleitores e horizontal com outras estruturas no quadro parlamentar. Da análise efectuada depreende-se também que os entraves ao desenvolvimento de uma democracia digital em Portugal são essencialmente fruto de três dimensões: um sistema dos media onde predomina a televisão; um sistema político parlamentar que não promove o contacto directo com eleitores; e, por último, cidadãos não motivados para a participação política, que tendem, também, a não encorajar uma maior apropriação política da internet no quadro parlamentar.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The object of the present article is to analyze the practices and attitudes of members of the Portuguese parliament in their general use of information and communication technologies, particularly the Internet, with regard to their parliamentary and party activities, in the context of a possible digital democracy. On the basis of the analysis model developed within the European COST A14 WG1 action, using questionnaires and interviews with Portuguese MPs, it was possible to arrive at a characterization revealing specific aspects of the political appropriation of the Internet to communicate vertically with the electorate and horizontally with other parliamentary structures. The analysis carried out also led to the realization that the restraints on the development of a digital democracy in Portugal are essentially the result of three factors: a media system in which television predominates, a parliamentary political system that does not encourage direct contact with the electorate and, lastly, citizens with little motivation to participate politically, who also tend not to encourage greater political appropriation of the Internet in parliamentary matters.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Cet article analyse les pratiques et les représentations des députés portugais à partir de leur utilisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication en général, et d’Internet en particulier, dans le cadre de leur activité parlementaire et politique, dans le contexte d’une éventuelle démocratie numérique. En s’appuyant sur le modèle d’analyse développé dans le cadre de l’action européenne COST A14 WG1, ainsi que sur des enquêtes et des entretiens avec des députés portugais, les auteurs ont obtenu une caractérisation qui révèle des spécificités dans le domaine de l’appropriation d’Internet pour l’exercice de la communication verticale avec les électeurs et horizontale avec les autres structures dans le cadre parlementaire. Il ressort également de l’analyse effectuée que les obstacles au développement d’une démocratie numérique au Portugal relèvent essentiellement de trois dimensions: un système de médias où prédomine la télévision, un système politique parlementaire qui n’encourage pas le contact direct avec les électeurs et, enfin, des citoyens peu motivés à la participation politique qui n’incitent pas non plus une plus grande appropriation politique d’Internet dans le cadre parlementaire.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Este artículo pretende analizar las prácticas y representaciones de los diputados portugueses en términos de su utilización de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en general y de internet en particular, en las actividades parlamentaria y partidaria, en el contexto de una posible democracia digital. Basándose en el modelo de análisis desarrollado en el ámbito de la acción europea COST A14 WG1, y recurriendo a investigaciones y entrevistas a los diputados portugueses, se obtuvo una caracterización que indicia especificaciones en el campo de la apropiación política de internet para el ejercicio de la comunicación vertical con los electores y horizontal con otras estructuras en el cuadro parlamentario. Del análisis efectuado, se desprende también que las dificultades al desarrollo de una democracia digital en Portugal son esencialmente fruto de tres dimensiones: un sistema de los media donde predomina la televisión; un sistema político parlamentario que no promueve el contacto directo con los electores; y, por último, ciudadanos no motivados para la participación política que tienden, también, a no favorecer una mayor apropiación política de internet en el cuadro parlamentario.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Democracia digital]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[parlamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[tecnologias de informação e comunicação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Digital democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parliament]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[IT - information technology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Démocratie numérique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[parlement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[technologies de l’information et de la communication]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Democracia digital]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[parlamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tecnología de información y comunicación]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P> <B>O PARLAMENTO PORTUGU&#202;S NA CONSTRU&#199;&#195;O DE UMA DEMOCRACIA DIGITAL</B> </P>     <P> <I>Gustavo Cardoso<sup><a href="#1">1</a></sup><a name="top1"></a>, Carlos    Cunha<sup><a href="#2">2 </a></sup> <a name="top2"></a>e Susana Nascimento<sup><a href="#3">3</a><a name="top3"></a></sup></I>  </P>     <P>&nbsp; </P>     <P> <U>Resumo</U> O presente artigo pretende analisar as pr&#225;ticas e representa&#231;&#245;es  dos deputados portugueses em termos da sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o das tecnologias de  informa&#231;&#227;o e comunica&#231;&#227;o em geral, e da internet em particular, na actividade  parlamentar e partid&#225;ria, no contexto de uma poss&#237;vel democracia digital.  Com base no modelo de an&#225;lise desenvolvido no &#226;mbito da ac&#231;&#227;o europeia  COST A14 WG1, e recorrendo a inqu&#233;ritos e entrevistas aos deputados portugueses,  obteve-se uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o que indicia especificidades no campo da apropria&#231;&#227;o  pol&#237;tica da internet para o exerc&#237;cio da comunica&#231;&#227;o vertical com eleitores  e horizontal com outras estruturas no quadro parlamentar. Da an&#225;lise efectuada  depreende-se tamb&#233;m que os entraves ao desenvolvimento de uma democracia  digital em Portugal s&#227;o essencialmente fruto de tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es: um sistema  dos media onde predomina a televis&#227;o; um sistema pol&#237;tico parlamentar que  n&#227;o promove o contacto directo com eleitores; e, por &#250;ltimo, cidad&#227;os n&#227;o  motivados para a participa&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica, que tendem, tamb&#233;m, a n&#227;o encorajar  uma maior apropria&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica da internet no quadro parlamentar. </P>     <P> <U>Palavras-chave</U> Democracia digital, parlamento, tecnologias de informa&#231;&#227;o    e comunica&#231;&#227;o. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><u>Abstract</u> The object of the present article is to analyze the practices    and attitudes of members of the Portuguese parliament in their general use of    information and communication technologies, particularly the Internet, with    regard to their parliamentary and party activities, in the context of a possible    digital democracy. On the basis of the analysis model developed within the European    COST A14 WG1 action, using questionnaires and interviews with Portuguese MPs,    it was possible to arrive at a characterization revealing specific aspects of    the political appropriation of the Internet to communicate vertically with the    electorate and horizontally with other parliamentary structures. The analysis    carried out also led to the realization that the restraints on the development    of a digital democracy in Portugal are essentially the result of three factors:    a media system in which television predominates, a parliamentary political system    that does not encourage direct contact with the electorate and, lastly, citizens    with little motivation to participate politically, who also tend not to encourage    greater political appropriation of the Internet in parliamentary matters. </P>     <P> <U>Keywords</U> Digital democracy, parliament, IT &#151; information technology.  </P>     <P>&nbsp; </P>     <P><u>R&eacute;sum&eacute;</u> Cet article analyse les pratiques et les repr&#233;sentations    des d&#233;put&#233;s portugais &#224; partir de leur utilisation des technologies    de l&#146;information et de la communication en g&#233;n&#233;ral, et d&#146;Internet    en particulier, dans le cadre de leur activit&#233; parlementaire et politique,    dans le contexte d&#146;une &#233;ventuelle d&#233;mocratie num&#233;rique.    En s&#146;appuyant sur le mod&#232;le d&#146;analyse d&#233;velopp&#233; dans    le cadre de l&#146;action europ&#233;enne COST A14 WG1, ainsi que sur des enqu&#234;tes    et des entretiens avec des d&#233;put&#233;s portugais, les auteurs ont obtenu    une caract&#233;risation qui r&#233;v&#232;le des sp&#233;cificit&#233;s dans    le domaine de l&#146;appropriation d&#146;Internet pour l&#146;exercice de la    communication verticale avec les &#233;lecteurs et horizontale avec les autres    structures dans le cadre parlementaire. Il ressort &#233;galement de l&#146;analyse    effectu&#233;e que les obstacles au d&#233;veloppement d&#146;une d&#233;mocratie    num&#233;rique au Portugal rel&#232;vent essentiellement de trois dimensions:    un syst&#232;me de m&#233;dias o&#249; pr&#233;domine la t&#233;l&#233;vision,    un syst&#232;me politique parlementaire qui n&#146;encourage pas le contact    direct avec les &#233;lecteurs et, enfin, des citoyens peu motiv&#233;s &#224;    la participation politique qui n&#146;incitent pas non plus une plus grande    appropriation politique d&#146;Internet dans le cadre parlementaire. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P> <U>Mots-cl&#233;s</U> D&#233;mocratie num&#233;rique, parlement, technologies    de l&#146;information et de la communication. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><u>Res&uacute;mene</u> Este art&#237;culo pretende analizar las pr&#225;cticas    y representaciones de los diputados portugueses en t&#233;rminos de su utilizaci&#243;n    de las tecnolog&#237;as de la informaci&#243;n y comunicaci&#243;n en general    y de internet en particular, en las actividades parlamentaria y partidaria,    en el contexto de una posible democracia digital. Bas&#225;ndose en el modelo    de an&#225;lisis desarrollado en el &#225;mbito de la acci&#243;n europea COST    A14 WG1, y recurriendo a investigaciones y entrevistas a los diputados portugueses,    se obtuvo una caracterizaci&#243;n que indicia especificaciones en el campo    de la apropiaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica de internet para el ejercicio de la comunicaci&#243;n    vertical con los electores y horizontal con otras estructuras en el cuadro parlamentario.    Del an&#225;lisis efectuado, se desprende tambi&#233;n que las dificultades    al desarrollo de una democracia digital en Portugal son esencialmente fruto    de tres dimensiones: un sistema de los media donde predomina la televisi&#243;n;    un sistema pol&#237;tico parlamentario que no promueve el contacto directo con    los electores; y, por &#250;ltimo, ciudadanos no motivados para la participaci&#243;n    pol&#237;tica que tienden, tambi&#233;n, a no favorecer una mayor apropiaci&#243;n    pol&#237;tica de internet en el cuadro parlamentario. </P>     <P> <U>Palabras-clave</U> Democracia digital, parlamento, tecnolog&#237;a de informaci&#243;n    y comunicaci&#243;n. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>     <P>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.     <p>Full text only available in PDF format. </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <P>      ]]></body>
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Political  Parties and the Impact of New Information Communication Technologies</I>, Londres,  Routledge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000047&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Dahl, Robert (1991), <I>Democracy and its Critic</I>, New Haven, Yale University  Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000048&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Dahl, Robert (1998), <I>On Democracy</I>, New Haven, Yale University Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000049&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Dai, Xiudan (2000), <I>The Digital Revolution and Governance</I>, Aldershot, Ashgate. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000050&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Freire, Andr&#233; &nbsp;(org.) (2001a), <I>Recrutamento Parlamentar: Os Deputados Portugueses  da Constituinte &#224; VIII Legislatura</I>, Lisboa, STAPE. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000051&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600027&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Freire, Andr&#233; (2001b), <I>Mudan&#231;a Eleitoral em Portugal: Clivagens, Economia  e Voto em Elei&#231;&#245;es Legislativas, 1983-1999</I>, Oeiras, Celta Editora. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000052&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600028&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Freire, Andr&#233; (2001c), <I>Modelos do Comportamento Eleitoral: Uma Breve Introdu&#231;&#227;o  Cr&#237;tica</I>, Oeiras, Celta Editora. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000053&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Freire,    Andr&#233;, Ant&#243;nio de Ara&#250;jo, Cristina Leston-Bandeira, Marina Costa    Lobo, e Pedro Magalh&#227;es (2002), <I>O Parlamento Portugu&#234;s: Uma Reforma    Necess&#225;ria</I>, Lisboa, Imprensa de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais / Instituto de    Ci&#234;ncias Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000054&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Gibson, Rachel, e Stephen Ward (orgs.) (2000), <I>Reinvigorating Democracy?  British Politic and the Internet</I>, Ashgate, Aldershot. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000055&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600031&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Giddens, Anthony (1999), <I>O Mundo na Era da Globaliza&#231;&#227;o</I>, Lisboa, Editorial  Presen&#231;a. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000056&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600032&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Giddens, Anthony (2000), <I>Moderniza&#231;&#227;o Reflexiva: Pol&#237;tica, Tradi&#231;&#227;o e Est&#233;tica  no Mundo Moderno</I>, Oeiras, Celta Editora. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000057&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600033&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Gunther, Richard, e Anthony Mughan (orgs.) (2000), <I>Democracy and the Media:  A Comparative Perspective</I>, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000058&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600034&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Hacker, Kenneth L., e Jan Van Dijk (orgs.) (2000), <I>Digital Democracy: Issues  of Theory and Practice</I>, Londres, Sage. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000059&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600035&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Hague, Barry N., e Brian D. Loader (orgs.) (1999), <I>Digital Democracy: Discourse  and Decision Making in the Information Age</I>, Londres e Nova Iorque, Routledge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000060&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600036&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Held, David (1987), <I>Models of Democracy</I>, Cambridge, Polity Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000061&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600037&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Hill, Kevin A., e John E. Hugues (1998), <I>Cyberpolitic: Citizen Activism  in the Age of the Internet</I>, Lanham, MD, Rowman &amp; Littlefield. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000062&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600038&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Hoff, Jens, Ivan Horrocks, e Pieter Tops (orgs.) (2000), <I>Democratic Governance  and New Technology: Technologically Mediated Innovations in Political Practice  in Western Europe</I>, Londres e Nova Iorque, Routledge / ECPR Studies in European  Political Science. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000063&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600039&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Loader, Brian D. (org.) (1997), <I>The Governance of Cyberspace: Politic,  Technology and Global Restructuring</I>, Londres, Routledge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000064&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600040&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Lopes, Fernando Farelo, e Andr&#233; Freire (2002), <I>Partidos Pol&#237;ticos e Sistemas  Eleitorais: Uma Introdu&#231;&#227;o</I>, Oeiras, Celta Editora. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000065&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600041&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Meyer, Thomas, e Lew Hinchman (2002), <I>Media Democracy: How the Media Colonize  Politic</I>, Cambridge, Polity Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000066&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600042&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Nascimento, Susana (2002), &#147;Entre os espa&#231;os f&#237;sicos e digitais: concep&#231;&#245;es  e pr&#225;ticas urbanas na esfera p&#250;blica&#148;, comunica&#231;&#227;o ao <I>II Col&#243;quio Internacional</I>  <I>Redes e Cibercidades</I>, Universidade de Aveiro, 4 a 5 de Novembro de 2002  (policopiado). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000067&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600043&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Presid&#234;ncia da Rep&#250;blica (1999), <I>Os Cidad&#227;os e a Sociedade de Informa&#231;&#227;o</I>,  Confer&#234;ncia promovida pelo Presidente da Rep&#250;blica, 9 e 10 Dezembro de  1999, Lisboa, INCM. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000068&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600044&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Tsagarousianou, R., D. Tambini, e C. Bryan (orgs.) (1998), <I>Cyberdemocracy:  Technology, Cities and Civic Networks</I>, Londres, Routledge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000069&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600045&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Vasconcelos, Diogo (2002), &#147;O <I>e-government</I> e a constru&#231;&#227;o da cidadania  num mundo globalizado&#148;, comunica&#231;&#227;o &#224; <I>VII Reuni&#227;o dos Ministros da Presid&#234;ncia  da Comunidade Ibero-Americana das Na&#231;&#245;es</I>, Lisboa, 9 de Setembro de 2002  (policopiado). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000070&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600046&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p></p>      <P> <I>Artigo de jornal</I> </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P> <I>P&#250;blico</I>, &#147;Da banda larga ao governo electr&#243;nico&#148;,    suplemento Computadores, segunda-feira, 9 de Dezembro de 2002. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000073&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600047&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P>&nbsp;</P>     <P> <I>Documentos electr&#243;nicos</I> </P>     <!-- ref --><P> Ac&#231;&#227;o europeia Government and Democracy in the Information Age (GaDIA),    rede </FONT>COST A14: Working Group 1/ Cyberdemocracy &lt;<a href="http://www.cost.cordis.lu" target="_blank">http://www.cost.cordis.lu</a>&gt;.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000076&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600048&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P> Assembleia da Rep&#250;blica, &lt;<a href="http://www.parlamento.pt" target="_blank">http://www.parlamento.pt</a>&gt;    (Fevereiro, 2003). </P>     <!-- ref --><P> Burns, Tom (2000), &#147;The future of parliamentary democracy: transition and  challenge in European governance&#148;, Livro Verde preparado para a <I>Confer&#234;ncia  dos Presidentes dos Parlamentos da Uni&#227;o Europeia</I>, Roma, 22-24 de Setembro  de 2000. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000078&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600049&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P> &lt;<a href="http://www.camera.it/_cppueg/ing/conferenza_odg_Conclusioni_gruppoesperti.asp" target="_blank">http://www.camera.it/_cppueg/ing/conferenza_odg_Conclusioni_gruppoesperti.asp</a>    (Fevereiro, 2003). </P>     <P> GUIA/PASIG (<I>Portuguese Accessibility Special Interest Group</I>), &lt;<a href="http://www.acessibilidade.net" target="_blank">http://www.acessibilidade.net</a>&gt;    (Janeiro, 2003). </P>     <!-- ref --><P> Hagen, Martin, &#147;A typology of electronic democracy&#148;, &lt;<a href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/fb03/vinci/labore/netz/hag_en.htm#1" target="_blank">http://www.uni-giessen.de/fb03/vinci/labore/netz/hag_en.htm#1</a>&gt;    (Junho, 2002). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000081&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600050&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P> &lt;<a href="http://come.to/protesto" target="_blank">http://come.to/protesto</a>&gt; </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P> <I>Inqu&#233;rito &#224; Utiliza&#231;&#227;o das Tecnologias da Informa&#231;&#227;o    e da Comunica&#231;&#227;o pela Popula&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa</I> (2001), Minist&#233;rio    da Ci&#234;ncia e da Tecnologia, &lt;<a href="http://www.si.mct.pt/file?src=1&mid=1137&bid=868" target="_blank">http://www.si.mct.pt/file?src=1&amp;    mid=1137&amp; bid=868</a>&gt; (Mar&#231;o, 2002). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000083&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600051&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Livro Verde para a Sociedade da Informa&#231;&#227;o, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia    e da Tecnologia, &lt;<a href="http://www.acesso.mct.pt/docs/lverde.htm" target="_blank">http://www.acesso.mct.pt/docs/lverde.htm</a>&gt;    (Janeiro, 2003). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000084&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600052&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Norris, Pippa (2000), &#147;Democratic divide? The impact of the internet    on parliaments worldwide&#148;, paper for presentation at the <I>Political Communications    Panel</I> &#147;Media Virtue and Disdain&#148;, American Political Association    annual meeting, Washington DC, 31 de Agosto de 2000. &lt;<a href="http://ksghome.harvard.edu/%7E.pnorris.shorenstein.ksg/acrobat/apsa2000demdiv.pdf" target="_blank">http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.pnorris.shorenstein.ksg/acrobat/apsa2000demdiv.pdf</a>&gt;    (Maio, 2002). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000085&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600053&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Norris, Pippa (2001), &#147;<I>Digital parties: civic engagement &amp; online    democracy&#148;</I>, paper for presentation at the ECPR Joint Session, Grenoble    (April, 2001). &lt;<a href="http://ksghome.harvard.edu/%7E.pnorris.shorenstein.ksg/acrobat/ECPR2001.pdf" target="_blank">http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.pnorris.shorenstein.ksg/acrobat/ECPR2001.pdf</a>&gt;    (Maio de 2002). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000086&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600054&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P> Observat&#243;rio da Comunica&#231;&#227;o, &lt;<a href="http://www.obercom.pt" target="_blank">www.obercom.pt</a>&gt;  </P>     <!-- ref --><P> &#147;Sociedade da informa&#231;&#227;o: principais indicadores estat&#237;sticos    1995-2001&quot;, Observat&#243;rio das Ci&#234;ncias e das Tecnologias, Minist&#233;rio    da Ci&#234;ncia e da Tecnologia, &lt;<a href="http://www.si.mct.pt/file?src=1&mid=1135&bid=867" target="_blank">http://www.si.mct.pt/file?src=1&amp;    mid=1135&amp; bid=867</a>&gt; (Mar&#231;o, 2002). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000088&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600055&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P> Zittel, Thomas (2001), &#147;Electronic democracy and electronic parliaments:    a comparison between the US House, the Swedish Riksdagen, and the German Bundestag&#148;,    paper presented to the <I>Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium    of Political Research</I>, &#147;Workshop 3: electronic democracy: mobilization,    organization and participation, Grenoble, 6-11 de Abril de 2001, &lt;<a href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/jointsessions/grenoble/papers/ws3/zittel.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/jointsessions/grenoble/papers/ws3/zittel.pdf</a>&gt;    (Maio, 2002). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000089&pid=S0873-6529200300020000600056&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P></P>     <P><sup><a name="1"></a><a href="#top1">1</a></sup>Gustavo Cardoso. Docente e    investigador no ISCTE.    <BR>   <I>E-mail</I>: <a href="mailto:gustavo.cardoso@iscte.pt">gustavo.cardoso@iscte.pt</a>  </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><sup><a name="2"></a><a href="#top2">2</a></sup>Carlos Cunha<I>. </I>Docente    e investigador no <I>Dowling College</I>, Dowling College,    <BR>   Idle Hour Blvd, Oakdale, NY 11769. <I>E-mail</I>: <a href="mailto:CunhaC@dowling.edu">CunhaC@dowling.edu</a>  </P>     <P><sup><a name="3"></a><a href="#top3">3</a></sup>Susana Nascimento. Investigadora    no ISCTE. <I>E-mail</I>: <a href="mailto:susana.nascimento@iscte.pt">susana.nascimento@iscte.pt</a>  </P>     <P>  </P>      ]]></body><back>
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