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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0874-0283</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Enfermagem Referência]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Enf. Ref.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0874-0283</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra - Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde - Enfermagem]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0874-02832020000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Programas de autocuidado y rol de la enfermería para mejorar los resultados clínicos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cañon-Montañez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wilson]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López de Ávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Acelas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alba Luz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Enfermería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>serV</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><b>EDITORIAL</b></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Editorial</b></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Programas de autocuidado y rol de la enfermer&iacute;a para mejorar los resultados cl&iacute;nicos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca</b></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>La insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) ha sido descrita como un problema de salud p&uacute;blica global, por sus altos costos de tratamiento, con un gasto de 108 billones de d&oacute;lares estadounidenses anuales; el impacto social por su incremento en la poblaci&oacute;n mayor, y el hecho de pertenecer al grupo de las enfermedades no transmisibles, principales causantes de muertes en el mundo, lo que genera una millonaria carga econ&oacute;mica anual en el sector sanitario, representada en el 1-2% del presupuesto destinado a la atenci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica (Lesyuk, Kriza, & Kolominsky-Rabas, 2018). Cabe se&ntilde;alar que la tasa de prevalencia de la enfermedad es de 124 por cada 10.000 personas, siendo 9,2 veces m&aacute;s frecuente en adultos mayores de 65 a&ntilde;os; y la tasa de incidencia oscila entre 24 y 38 por cada 10.000 habitantes (Lesyuk et al., 2018). Se ha estimado que en 2016 hab&iacute;a m&aacute;s de 26 millones de personas en el mundo afectadas con este s&iacute;ndrome cr&oacute;nico, de las cuales 5,7 millones correspond&iacute;an a Estados Unidos. Se espera que para 2030, la cifra en este pa&iacute;s ascienda a m&aacute;s de 8 millones de personas (Savarese & Lund, 2017).</p>     <p>La IC trae como consecuencia que disminuya la calidad de vida y se pierdan muchos a&ntilde;os de vida productiva, pues esta enfermedad no le permite al paciente continuar con su vida cotidiana, debido a que se le dificulta m&aacute;s de lo normal realizar tareas b&aacute;sicas como alimentarse, desplazarse o actividades rutinarias dentro de su entorno familiar, laboral y social; adem&aacute;s del componente psicol&oacute;gico, que puede verse afectado, llegando al punto de tener que depender de un cuidador, lo cual puede ser atendido a trav&eacute;s de programas educativos y de seguimiento donde se fomente la adquisici&oacute;n de habilidades de autocuidado (Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez et al., 2013).</p>     <p>En este contexto, es importante mencionar que la educaci&oacute;n al paciente puede ser definida como un proceso que mejora el conocimiento y las habilidades que influyen en las actitudes que el paciente requiere para mantener un comportamiento adecuado en bien de su salud. La educaci&oacute;n dirigida a los pacientes incluye: educaci&oacute;n sobre la terapia o el tratamiento, educaci&oacute;n sobre aspectos cl&iacute;nicos y educaci&oacute;n sobre promoci&oacute;n de la salud (Str&ouml;mberg, 2005). La educaci&oacute;n es una parte fundamental en el proceso de aprender a mantener el bienestar f&iacute;sico y emocional en los pacientes con IC, mediante el cual se puede dar a conocer los elementos m&aacute;s importantes relacionados para la pr&aacute;ctica del autocuidado, entendiendo esta como toda acci&oacute;n positiva que realiza el paciente para mejorar sus condiciones de salud, de manera consciente y perdurable, y convirtiendo estos actos en una conducta aprendida para hacer frente a su enfermedad de manera eficaz y con el fin de llevarla de la mejor manera posible (Olivella, Bonilla, & Bastidas, 2012).</p>     <p>La educaci&oacute;n a los pacientes es uno de los roles profesionales de los enfermeros. Los enfermeros tienen un gran potencial para ofrecer educaci&oacute;n a pacientes con enfermedades cr&oacute;nicas, por lo que se convierten en los proveedores primarios del cuidado de la salud de las personas. La educaci&oacute;n del paciente por el profesional de enfermer&iacute;a sigue dos orientaciones: una, de acci&oacute;n instrumental, que influye en la actitud y el comportamiento del paciente; la otra, de protecci&oacute;n, que tiene la intenci&oacute;n de minimizar la aprehensi&oacute;n del paciente con el tratamiento. El proceso de educaci&oacute;n puede ser descrito en cinco pasos: 1) evaluaci&oacute;n del conocimiento previo, la cognici&oacute;n, las actitudes, la motivaci&oacute;n y los errores cometidos por los pacientes en su tratamiento; 2) identificar lo que se debe ense&ntilde;ar, considerando las potenciales barreras para el aprendizaje; 3) planificaci&oacute;n del contenido de la educaci&oacute;n, con participaci&oacute;n del paciente para definir objetivos individuales y escoger las mejores intervenciones para alcanzarlos; 4) planificaci&oacute;n del modo como la educaci&oacute;n ser&aacute; brindada; 5) la evaluaci&oacute;n cr&iacute;tica del proceso de educaci&oacute;n establecida (Str&ouml;mberg, 2005; Rabelo, Aliti, Domingues, Ruschel, & Brun, 2007).</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>El compromiso del enfermo en el proceso educativo es un factor primordial para asegurar la adherencia al tratamiento. Cuando los pacientes entienden los factores que ayudan a su recuperaci&oacute;n y c&oacute;mo pueden ser modificados por ellos mismos en sentido favorable, es m&aacute;s eficaz la terapia (Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez et al., 2013). La instrucci&oacute;n b&aacute;sica comprende informar al enfermo y a su cuidador sobre qu&eacute; es la IC, qu&eacute; ha causado que su coraz&oacute;n falle, c&oacute;mo aliviar el trabajo cardiaco controlando el peso, la ingesta de sal y los l&iacute;quidos, cu&aacute;les son los signos precoces de descompensaci&oacute;n y qu&eacute; hacer cuando aparecen (Rabelo et al., 2007; Str&ouml;mberg, 2005). De manera que es muy importante que la educaci&oacute;n que se brinde al paciente se base en su capacidad de entendimiento, adem&aacute;s de que se repita de forma reiterativa para afianzar el logro de habilidades de autocuidado (Rabelo et al., 2007), y tambi&eacute;n es crucial tener en cuenta las barreras de aprendizaje que se puedan presentar en el paciente, como edad, comorbilidades, limitaciones funcionales o cognitivas (Str&ouml;mberg, 2005). Desde luego, es ideal que se realice un plan de cuidado personalizado, donde se promuevan los h&aacute;bitos de vida saludable de acuerdo con su cultura, g&eacute;nero, condici&oacute;n, comorbilidades y condiciones socioecon&oacute;micas, y de esta manera favorecer la adaptaci&oacute;n a los nuevos cambios y evitar que este plan sea abandonado en el transcurso del tiempo. La <a href ="/img/revistas/ref/vserVn3/Vn3a01f1.jpg">figura 1</a> relaciona posibles estrategias para mejorar el autocuidado en pacientes con IC.</p>     
<p>Con todo lo anterior, es fundamental recalcar que las intervenciones educativas del profesional de enfermer&iacute;a deben estar enfocadas a la detecci&oacute;n temprana de signos de alarma, a la educaci&oacute;n sobre estilos de vida saludable, a la elaboraci&oacute;n de un plan de cuidado de acuerdo con las necesidades de cada persona, la resoluci&oacute;n de cualquier duda que tenga el paciente o su familia con respecto a la enfermedad, el acompa&ntilde;amiento f&iacute;sico y emocional en cada etapa y, sobre todo, es vital que realice un seguimiento despu&eacute;s del alta hospitalaria, con el fin de reducir los efectos negativos que puedan surgir al no seguir las indicaciones del equipo multidisciplinario de atenci&oacute;n, como reingresos hospitalarios, disminuci&oacute;n de la calidad de vida y la muerte. La <a href ="/img/revistas/ref/vserVn3/Vn3a01t1.jpg">tabla 1</a> muestra estudios de intervenci&oacute;n recientes sobre programas de autocuidado de enfermer&iacute;a con resultados significativos para la mejor&iacute;a de desenlaces cl&iacute;nicos en pacientes con IC.</p>     
<p>La mayor&iacute;a de las intervenciones fueron realizadas en escenarios de programas multidisciplinarios (cl&iacute;nicas de insuficiencia cardiaca) con estrategias de visita domiciliaria y/o educaci&oacute;n prealta en el hospital. Los programas educativos fueron centrados en conocimiento, desarrollo de habilidades y conductas de autocuidado (Amaritakomol et al., 2019; Cui et al., 2019; Dinh et al., 2019; Negarandeh et al., 2019; Van Spall et al., 2019).</p>     <p>Se puede concluir que es importante conocer las intervenciones de seguimiento, cuidado y educaci&oacute;n que se est&aacute;n realizando en torno al cuidado de los pacientes con IC, que buscan alcanzar oportunidades de mejora y, de esta manera, aumentar la calidad de vida de esta poblaci&oacute;n. Sin embargo, a&uacute;n hay poca evidencia que eval&uacute;e el efecto combinado de las intervenciones educativas centradas en programas de autocuidado. La realizaci&oacute;n de una s&iacute;ntesis actualizada de la evidencia podr&iacute;a contribuir a comprender mejor el impacto de estos estudios para mejorar los resultados cl&iacute;nicos de los pacientes con IC.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Referencias</b></p>     <!-- ref --><p>Amaritakomol, A., Kanjanavanit, R., Suwankruhasn, N., Topaiboon, P., Leemasawat, K., Chanchai, R., . . . Phrommintikul, A. (2019). Enhancing knowledge and self-care behavior of heart failure patients by interactive educational board game. Games for Health Journal, 8(3), 177-186. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1089/g4h.2018.0043"target="_blank">10.1089/g4h.2018.0043</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073327&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez, W., & Or&oacute;stegui Arenas, M. (2013). Intervenciones educativas de enfermer&iacute;a en pacientes ambulatorios con falla cardiaca. Enfermer&iacute;a Global, 12(3), 52-67. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.6018/eglobal.12.3.160411"target="_blank">10.6018/eglobal.12.3.160411</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073328&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Cui, X., Zhou, X., Ma, L.-l., Sun, T.-W., Bishop, L., Gardiner, F. W., & Wang, L. (2019). A nurse-led structured education program improves self-management skills and reduces hospital readmissions in patients with chronic heart failure: A randomized and controlled trial in China. Rural and Remote Health, 19(2), 5270. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.22605/RRH5270"target="_blank">10.22605/RRH5270</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073329&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Dinh, H. T., Bonner, A., Ramsbotham, J., & Clark, R. (2019). Cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a self-management intervention using the teach-back method for people with heart failure. Nursing & Health Sciences, 21(4), 436-444. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/nhs.12616"target="_blank">10.1111/nhs.12616</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073330&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Lesyuk, W., Kriza, C., & Kolominsky-Rabas, P. (2018). Cost-of-illness studies in heart failure: A systematic review 2004–2016. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 18(1), 74. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0815-3"target="_blank">10.1186/s12872-018-0815-3</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073331&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Negarandeh, R., Zolfaghari, M., Bashi, N., & Kiarsi, M. (2019). Evaluating the effect of monitoring through telephone (tele-monitoring) on self-care behaviors and readmission of patients with heart failure after discharge. Applied Clinical Informatics, 10(2), 261-268. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1055/s-0039-1685167"target="_blank">10.1055/s-0039-1685167</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073332&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Olivella, M., Bonilla, C. P., & Bastidas, C. V. (2012). Fomento del autocuidado en la insuficiencia cardiaca. Enfermer&iacute;a Global, 11(25), 282-286. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.4321/S1695-61412012000100017"target="_blank">10.4321/S1695-61412012000100017</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073333&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Rabelo, E. R., Aliti, G. B., Domingues, F. B., Ruschel, K. B., & Brun, A. O. (2007). What to teach to patients with heart failure and why: The role of nurses in heart failure clinics. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 15(1), 165-170. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1590/S0104-11692007000100024"target="_blank">10.1590/S0104-11692007000100024</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073334&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Savarese, G., & Lund, L. H. (2017). Global public health burden of heart failure. Cardiac Failure Review, 3(1), 7-11. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2"target="_blank">10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073335&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Str&ouml;mberg, A. (2005). The crucial role of patient education in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 7(3), 363-369. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.002"target="_blank">10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.002</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1073336&pid=S0874-0283202000030000100010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>Van Spall, H. G., Lee, S. F., Xie, F., Oz, U. E., Perez, R., Mitoff, P. R., &hellip; Connolly, S. J. (2019). Effect of patient-centered transitional care services on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: The PACT-HF randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(8), 753-761. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0710"target="_blank">10.1001/jama.2019.0710</a></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Wilson Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez</b></p>     <p>Facultad de Enfermer&iacute;a</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Universidad de Antioquia</p>     <p>Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</p>     <p>E-mail: <a href="mailto:wilson.canon@udea.edu.co">wilson.canon@udea.edu.co</a></p>     <p><b>M&oacute;nica L&oacute;pez de &Aacute;vila</b></p>     <p>Facultad de Enfermer&iacute;a</p>     <p>Universidad de Antioquia</p>     <p>Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</p>     <p><b>Alba Luz Rodr&iacute;guez-Acelas</b>,</p>     <p>Facultad de Enfermer&iacute;a</p>     <p>Universidad de Antioquia</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</p> <hr>     <p><b>Self-care programs and the role of nursing in improving clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure</b></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Heart failure (HF) has been described as a global public health problem due to its high treatment costs, with an annual expenditure of $108 billion, the social impact due to the increase in population aging, and the fact that it is a non-communicable disease, the main cause of death in the world, thus generating a millionaire annual economic burden in the health sector, represented by 1-2% of the budget allocated to medical care (Lesyuk, Kriza, & Kolominsky-Rabas, 2018). It should be noted that the prevalence rate of this disease is 124 per 10,000 people, being 9.2 times more frequent in older adults over 65. The incidence rate varies between 24 and 38 per 10,000 inhabitants (Lesyuk et al., 2018). It has been estimated that, in 2016, more than 26 million people in the world suffered from this chronic syndrome, of which 5.7 million were located in the United States. It is expected that, by 2030, the figure in this country will be more than 8 million people (Savarese & Lund, 2017).</p>     <p>HF results in a decrease in quality of life and the loss of many years of productive life. This disease does not allow the patient to continue with his/her daily life because carrying out basic tasks becomes more difficult, such as feeding, moving, or routine activities within the family, work and social context. Besides, the psychological component may be affected, possibly leading to dependence on a caregiver, a need which can be met through educational and monitoring programs that encourage the acquisition of self-care skills (Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez et al., 2013).</p>     <p>Within this scope, it should be noted that patient education can be defined as a process that improves the necessary knowledge and skills for the patient to maintain an appropriate behaviour to his/her health. Patient education focuses on therapy or treatment, clinical aspects, and health promotion (Str&ouml;mberg, 2005). Education is a key part of the process of learning how to maintain the physical and emotional well-being of patients with HF, providing information on the most important elements related to self-care. Self-care is considered as any positive action that the patient carries out to improve his/her health conditions, consciously and lastingly, converting these acts into a learned behaviour to deal with his/her illness effectively and to manage it in the best possible way (Olivella, Bonilla, & Bastidas, 2012).</p>     <p>Patient education is one of the responsibilities of the nursing profession. Nurses are well-placed to provide education to patients with chronic diseases as they become the health professionals that provide primary care to people. Nurse-led patient education follows two guidelines: one of effective action, which influences the patient&rsquo;s attitude and behaviour; the other of protection, aiming to minimize the patient&rsquo;s apprehension about treatment. The educational process can be described in five steps: 1) assessment of prior knowledge, cognition, attitudes, motivation, and mistakes made by patients in their treatment; 2) identification of what should be taught, considering the potential barriers to learning; 3) planning of educational content, with the participation of the patient to define individual goals and choose the best interventions to achieve them; 4) planning how the education will be provided; 5) critical evaluation of the established educational process (Str&ouml;mberg, 2005; Rabelo, Aliti, Domingues, Ruschel, & Brun, 2007).</p>     <p>The patient&rsquo;s commitment to the educational process is essential to ensure adherence to treatment. When patients understand the factors that help their recovery and how they can change them in their favor, therapy is more effective (Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez et al., 2013). Basic education includes informing the patient and his/her caregiver about what HF is, what has caused his/her heart to fail, how to relieve the cardiac workload with weight control, salt restrictions, and fluid intake management, what the early signs of decompensation are, and what to do when they appear (Rabelo et al., 2007; Str&ouml;mberg, 2005). Therefore, patient education should take into account his/her capacity to understand and be reinforced and continuous to promote the acquisition of self-care skills (Rabelo et al., 2007). It is also crucial to consider the learning barriers that the patient may face, such as age, comorbidities, functional or cognitive limitations (Str&ouml;mberg, 2005). Indeed, developing a personalized care plan is paramount so that healthy living habits are promoted according to the patient&rsquo;s culture, gender, health status, comorbidities, and socioeconomic conditions, favouring adaptation to new changes and preventing abandonment of the care plan over time. <a href ="/img/revistas/ref/vserVn3/Vn3a01f1.jpg">Figure 1</a> shows possible strategies for improving self-care in patients with HF.</p>     
<p>Therefore, it should be noted that nurses&rsquo; education should focus on early detection of warning signs, education about healthy lifestyles, development of a care plan according to the needs of each person, solving the patient&rsquo;s and family&rsquo;s doubts relating to the disease, physical and emotional monitoring at each stage. Above all, it is vital that the patient post-discharge follow-up care to reduce the negative effects that may result from disregarding the indications of the multidisciplinary care team, such as hospital readmissions, reduced quality of life, and death. <a href ="/img/revistas/ref/vserVn3/Vn3a01t1.jpg">Table 1</a> shows recent intervention studies on nursing self-care programs with significant results for the improvement of clinical outcomes in patients with HF.</p>     
<p>Most interventions were conducted in multidisciplinary program settings (heart failure clinics) with home visiting strategies and/or pre-discharge education. The educational programs focused on knowledge, skill development, and self-care behaviours (Amaritakomol et al., 2019; Cui et al., 2019; Dinh et al., 2019; Negarandeh et al., 2019; Van Spall et al., 2019).</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>In conclusion, it is important to know which follow-up, care, and educational interventions are being carried out regarding the care to patients with HF, with a view to promoting opportunities for improvement and thus increasing the quality of life of this population. However, there is still little evidence that allows assessing the combined effect of educational interventions focused on self-care programs. An updated synthesis of the evidence could contribute to a better understanding of the impact of these studies so as to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with HF.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>References</b></p>     <p>Amaritakomol, A., Kanjanavanit, R., Suwankruhasn, N., Topaiboon, P., Leemasawat, K., Chanchai, R., . . . Phrommintikul, A. (2019). Enhancing knowledge and self-care behavior of heart failure patients by interactive educational board game. Games for Health Journal, 8(3), 177-186. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1089/g4h.2018.0043"target="_blank">10.1089/g4h.2018.0043</a></p>     <p>Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez, W., & Or&oacute;stegui Arenas, M. (2013). Intervenciones educativas de enfermer&iacute;a en pacientes ambulatorios con falla cardiaca. Enfermer&iacute;a Global, 12(3), 52-67. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.6018/eglobal.12.3.160411"target="_blank">10.6018/eglobal.12.3.160411</a></p>     <p>Cui, X., Zhou, X., Ma, L.-l., Sun, T.-W., Bishop, L., Gardiner, F. W., & Wang, L. (2019). A nurse-led structured education program improves self-management skills and reduces hospital readmissions in patients with chronic heart failure: A randomized and controlled trial in China. Rural and Remote Health, 19(2), 5270. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.22605/RRH5270"target="_blank">10.22605/RRH5270</a></p>     <p>Dinh, H. T., Bonner, A., Ramsbotham, J., & Clark, R. (2019). Cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a self-management intervention using the teach-back method for people with heart failure. Nursing & Health Sciences, 21(4), 436-444. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/nhs.12616"target="_blank">10.1111/nhs.12616</a></p>     <p>Lesyuk, W., Kriza, C., & Kolominsky-Rabas, P. (2018). Cost-of-illness studies in heart failure: A systematic review 2004–2016. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 18(1), 74. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0815-3"target="_blank">10.1186/s12872-018-0815-3</a></p>     <p>Negarandeh, R., Zolfaghari, M., Bashi, N., & Kiarsi, M. (2019). Evaluating the effect of monitoring through telephone (tele-monitoring) on self-care behaviors and readmission of patients with heart failure after discharge. Applied Clinical Informatics, 10(2), 261-268. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1055/s-0039-1685167"target="_blank">10.1055/s-0039-1685167</a></p>     <p>Olivella, M., Bonilla, C. P., & Bastidas, C. V. (2012). Fomento del autocuidado en la insuficiencia cardiaca. Enfermer&iacute;a Global, 11(25), 282-286. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.4321/S1695-61412012000100017"target="_blank">10.4321/S1695-61412012000100017</a></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Rabelo, E. R., Aliti, G. B., Domingues, F. B., Ruschel, K. B., & Brun, A. O. (2007). What to teach to patients with heart failure and why: The role of nurses in heart failure clinics. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 15(1), 165-170. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1590/S0104-11692007000100024"target="_blank">10.1590/S0104-11692007000100024</a></p>     <p>Savarese, G., & Lund, L. H. (2017). Global public health burden of heart failure. Cardiac Failure Review, 3(1), 7-11. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2"target="_blank">10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2</a></p>     <p>Str&ouml;mberg, A. (2005). The crucial role of patient education in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 7(3), 363-369. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.002"target="_blank">10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.002</a></p>     <p>Van Spall, H. G., Lee, S. F., Xie, F., Oz, U. E., Perez, R., Mitoff, P. R., &hellip; Connolly, S. J. (2019). Effect of patient-centered transitional care services on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: The PACT-HF randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(8), 753-761. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0710"target="_blank">10.1001/jama.2019.0710</a></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Wilson Ca&ntilde;on-Monta&ntilde;ez</b></p>     <p>Faculty of Nursing</p>     <p>University of Antioquia</p>     <p>Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</p>     <p>E-mail: <a href="mailto:wilson.canon@udea.edu.co">wilson.canon@udea.edu.co</a></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>M&oacute;nica L&oacute;pez de &Aacute;vila</b></p>     <p>Faculty of Nursing</p>     <p>University of Antioquia</p>     <p>Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</p>     <p><b>Alba Luz Rodr&iacute;guez-Acelas</b>,</p>     <p>Faculty of Nursing</p>     <p>University of Antioquia</p>     <p>Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</p>      ]]></body><back>
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