Ines Jongenelen¹

Isabel Soares ²

Karin Grossmann ³

Carla Martins ⁴

Resumo: Neste artigo, as autoras apresentam uma investigação empírica com mães adolescentes e seus bebés, conduzida sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Vinculação de Bowlby.

Quarenta adolescentes e seus bebés foram avaliados na gravidez e 12.º mês do pós­‑parto, com base, respectivamente, na Adult Attachment Interview e na Situa­ção Estranha. Os resultados revelam que a maioria dos bebés apresenta uma orga­ni­za­ção de vinculação segura à mãe, aos 12 meses de idade. Não foi encon­trada uma associação significativa entre a classificação das mães na AAI e a clas­si­fi­ca­ção dos seus bebés na Situação Estranha, quer ao nível dos três padrões, quer em fun­ção da dimensão segurança versus insegurança da vinculação.

Palavras‑chave: vinculação, maternidade na adolescência

Attachment organization in adolescent mothers and their infants

Abstract: Within Bowlby’s attachment theory framework, an empirical research with forty adoles­cent mothers and their infants assessed during pregnancy and at 12^th months post­partum is presented. Our results show no statistically significant pattern of inter­generational transmission of attachment from mother to infant, and a substantial number of infants classified as secure to the mother at 12 months of age.

Key‑words: attachment, adolescent motherhood

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

Referências

Ainsworth, M., & Wittig, B. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one­‑year­‑olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (pp. 111­‑136). London: Methuen.        [ Links ]

Ainsworth, M., & Bell, S. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: illustra­ted by the behavior of one­‑year­‑olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41, 49­‑67.

Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

Allen, J., Hauser, S., & Borman­‑Spurrell, E. (1996). Attachment theory as a frame­work for understanding sequelae of severe adolescent psychopathology: an 11­‑year follow­‑up study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 254­‑263.

Ammaniti, M., Speranza, A. M., & Candelori, C. (1996). Stability of attachment in children and intergerational transmission of attachment. Psychiatria dell'Infan­zia e dell'Adolscenza, 63, 313­‑332.

Andreozzi, L., Flanagan, P., Seifer, R., Brunner, S., & Lester, B. (2002). Attachment classifications among 18­‑month­‑old children of adolescent mothers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 20­‑26.

Belsky, J., & Fearon, R. M. P. (2002). Infant­‑mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: a moderational analysis. Development and Psy­cho­pathology, 14, 293­‑310.

Benoit, D., & Parker, K. (1994). Stability and transmission of attachment among three generations. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10, 185­‑202.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation (Edição revista em 1985). London: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavis­tock.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: loss, sadness and depression. London: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: parent­‑child attachment and healthy human develop­ment. London: Basic Books.

Broussard, E. R. (1995). Infant attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 25(4), 211­‑219.

Carlson, E. (1990). Individual differences in quality of attachment organization of high­‑risk adolescent mothers. Dissertação de Doutoramento não publicada, Columbia University.

Cole­‑Detke, H., & Kobak, R. (1996). Attachment processes in eating disorder and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 282­‑290.

Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (2002). Stability of attachment represen­tations: the transition to marriage. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 467­‑479.

Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relation between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high risk sample. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment: theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1­‑2, Serial N.º 209), 147­‑166.

Frodi, A., Keller, B., Foye, H., Liptak, G., Bridges, L., Grolnick, W., Berko, J., McAnarney, E., & Lawrence, R. (1984). Determinants of attachment and mastery motivation in infants born to adolescent mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 5(1), 15­‑23.

Frodi, A., Grolnick, W., Bridges, L., & Berko, J. (1990). Infants of adolescent and adult mothers: two indices of socioemotional development. Adolescence, 25(98), 363­‑374.

George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1984­‑1988). Adult Attachment Interview Protocol. Manuscrito não publicado, University of California at Berkeley.

Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer­‑Bombik, E., Rudolph, J., & Grossmann, K. (1988). Maternal attachment representations as related to patterns of infant­‑mother attachment and maternal care during the first year. In R. A. Hinde & J. Steven­son­‑Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families: mutual influences (pp. 241­‑260). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hann, D. M., Osofsky, J. D., Stringer, S. S., & Carter, S. S. (1988). Affective contri­bution of adolescent mothers and infants to the quality of attachment. Comuni­cação apresentada na International Conference on Infant Studies. Washington, DC.

Hesse, E. (1999). The Adult Attachment Interview. Historical and current perspec­tives. In J. Cassidy & P. S. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 395­‑433). New York: The Guilford Press.

Howes, C., & Ritchie, S. (1999). Attachment organizations in children with difficult life circumstances. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 251­‑268.

Jongenelen, I. (1998). Gravidez na adolescência: uniformidade e diversidade no desenvolvimento. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Faculdade de Psico­logia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto.

Jongenelen, I. (2004). Vinculação em mães adolescentes e seus bebés – da matriz relacional à matriz contextual. Dissertação de Doutoramento apresentada ao Instituto de Educação e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho.

Kobak, R. (1993). The Attachment Q­‑sort. Manuscrito não publicado, University of Delaware.

Lamb, M. E., Hopps, K., & Elster, A. B. (1987). Strange situation behavior of infants with adolescent mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 39­‑48.

Landy, S., Montgomery, J. S., Schubert, J., Cleland, J. F., & Clark, C. (1983). Mother­‑infant interaction of teenage mothers and the effect of experience in the observational sessions on the development of their infants. Early Child Develop­ment and Care, 10, 165­‑186.

Levine, L. V., & Tuber, S. B. (1991). Mothers' mental representations and their relationship to mother­‑infant attachment. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 55(4), 454­‑470.

Lewis, M., Feiring, C., & Rosenthal, S. (2000). Attachment over time. Child Develop­ment, 71(3), 707­‑720.

Main, M. (1981). Avoidance in the service of attachment: a working paper. In K. Immelmann, G. Barlow, L. Petrinovich & M. Main (Eds.), Behavioral develop­ment: the Bielefeld interdisciplinary project. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: a move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1­‑2, Serial N.º 209), 66­‑104.

Main, M. (1996). Introduction to the special section on attachment and psycho­pathology: 2. Overview of the field of attachment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 237­‑243.

Matos, R. (2000). Maus tratos na infância: impacto na representação da vinculação e na qualidade da interacção mãe­‑bebé, em mães adolescentes. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Educação e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho.

Radojevic, M. (1994). Mental representations of attachment among prospective Australian fathers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 505­‑511.

Rellinger, E. A. (1995). Percursors and consequences of insecure attachment in children of adolescent mothers. Dissertação de Doutoramento não publicada.

Ricks, M. H. (1985). The social transmission of parental behavior: attachment across generations. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research (pp. 211­‑227).

Rutter, M. (1983). Stress, coping and development: some issues and some questions. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping and development in children (pp. 1­‑41). New York: McGraw­‑Hill.

Sagi, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Scharf, M. H., Joels, T., Koren­‑Karie, N., Mayse­less, O., & Aviezer, O. (1997). Ecological constraints for intergenera­tional transmission of attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Develop­ment, 20, 287­‑299.

Silva, A. P. (1998). Vinculação e funcionamento cognitivo na criança: diferenças e variabilidade no contexto e interacção mãe­‑filho. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universi­dade do Porto.

Soares, I. (1992). Representação da vinculação na idade adulta e na adolescência. Estudo intergeracional: mãe­‑filho(a). Dissertação de Doutoramento apresenta­da à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto.

Soares, I., Lopes dos Santos, P., Jongenelen, I., Henriques, M. R., Silva, A. P., Fi­gueiredo, B., Mascarenhas, C., Machado, G., Neves, L., Serra, M., Silva, M. C., Cunha, J. P., & Costa, O. (1995). Avaliação da vinculação e da regulação autonómica da frequência cardíaca na situação estranha. Vol. IV. In L. S. Al­meida, S. Araújo, M. M. Gonçalves, C. Machado & M. R. Simões (Eds.), Ava­liação psicológica: formas e contextos (pp. 247­‑258). Braga: APPORT.

Soares, I. (1996). Representação da vinculação na idade adulta e na adolescência. Estudo intergeracional: mãe­‑filho(a). Braga: Centro de Estudos em Educação e Psicologia, Instituto de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade do Minho.

Soares, I. (2002). A vinculação vinculada. Lição de Síntese para efeitos de Provas de Agregação, Instituto de Educação e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho.

Solomon, J., & George, C. (1996). Defining the caregiving system: toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 183­‑197.

Spencer, M. S. (1997). Behavior problems in children of adolescent mothers: explor­ing the role of attachment as a protective factor. Dissertação de Dou­to­ramento não publicada.

Sroufe, L. A. (1996). Emotional development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Steele, H., Steele, M., & Fonagy, P. (1996). Associations among attachment classifi­cations of mothers, fathers and their infants. Child Development, 67, 541­‑555.

Thompson, R. A. (1999). Early attachment and later development. In J. Cassidy & P. S. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 265­‑286). New York: The Guilford Press.

van IJzendoorn, M., & Kroonenberg, P. (1988). Cross­‑cultural patterns of attach­ment: a meta­‑analysis of the strange situation. Child Development, 59, 147­‑156.

van IJzendoorn, M. (1995). Intergenerational transmission of parenting: a review of studies in nonclinical populations. Developmental Review, 12, 76­‑99.

van IJzendoorn, M., & Bakermans­‑Kranenburg, M. (1996). Attachment representa­tions in mothers, fathers, adolescents, and clinical groups: a meta­‑analytic search for normative data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psycho­logy, 64, 8­‑21.

van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental respon­sive­ness, and infant attachment: a meta­‑analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387­‑403.

van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1996). Commentary. Human Development, 39, 224­‑231.

Ward, M., & Carlson, E. (1995). Associations among adult attachment representa­tions, maternal sensivity, and infant­‑mother attachment in a sample of adoles­cent mothers. Child Development, 66(1), 69­‑79.

Weinfield, N., Sroufe, A., & Egeland, B. (2000). Attachment from in infancy to early adulthood in a high­‑risk sample: continuity, discontinuity, and their cor­relates. Child Development, 71(3), 695­‑702.

Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. A. (1999). The nature of individual differences in infant­‑caregiver attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. S. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical appli­cations (pp. 68­‑88). New York: The Guilford Press.

Whitman, T. L., Borkowski, J. G., Keogh, D. A., & Weed, K. (2001). Interwoken lives: adolescent mothers and their children. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.

Zimmermann, P., Fremmer­‑Bombik, E., Spangler, G., & Grossmann, K. E. (1997). Attachment in adolescence: a longitudinal perspective. In W. Koops, J. B. Hoeksma & D. C. van den Boom (Eds.), Development of interaction and attach­ment: traditional and non­‑traditional approaches (pp. 281­‑292). Amster­dam: North Holland.

² Professora catedrática do Departamento de Psicologia, Instituto de Educação e Psicolo­gia, Universidade do Minho.

³ Investigadora aposentada da Universidade de Regensburg, Alemanha.

⁴ Professora auxiliar do Departamento de Psicologia, Instituto de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade do Minho.