<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0874-5161</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigação Operacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. Op.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0874-5161</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[APDIO - Associação Portuguesa de Investigação Operacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0874-51612004000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Abordagem hierárquica para avaliação da fiabilidade de sistemas de produção complexos com comportamento não-markoviano]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reliability assessment of non-markovian complex production systems using a hierarchical approach]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eusébio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Departamento de Produção e Sistemas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Engenharia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,INESC - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>159</fpage>
<lpage>186</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0874-51612004000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0874-51612004000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0874-51612004000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In the actual context of global, intense competitiveness, the performance of the production systems is a key competitiveness factor for manufacturing companies. Factors such as the availability of the manufacturing cells and the frequency of production shortages are very important indexes for system designers and managers, both at the planning and at the operational stages of the production systems life cycle. The reliability, maintainability and redundancy of the manufacturing equipment are well known performance drivers of the production system, but intermediate work-in-process (wip) buffers are another fundamental driver. Despite the endless inventory reduction efforts made by production managers, very often, wip buffers still play a central role in the operation of the production systems. They smooth the unbalance of manufacturing cells and limit the consequences of events such as equipment failures and non conforming lots, preventing them to propagate to the downstream production units. This paper will present a set of tools and methods for the assessment of performance indexes of production systems. Particular attention will be paid to the assessment of the impact of the dimension and the localization of the wip buffers on the global performance of the systems. The assessment of availability, frequency and duration related indexes is a complex task for production systems, due to the dimension of the systems under study, and the fact that their behaviour, normally, will not be markovian. To overcome these difficulties, a hierarchical, non-markovian approach was developed. Its originality lays on the fact that it allows evaluating the performance indexes from a global system model that was obtained from the integration of a set of equivalent models derived at the subsystem level. In the final part of the paper, a numerical example concerning a production system made by three cells and two buffers will be presented.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[No actual contexto de forte concorrência e de crescente exigência dos mercados, no projecto e exploração dos sistemas de produção, é fundamental ter em conta os aspectos que afectam a sua disponibilidade, isto é, a probabilidade do sistema estar operacional quando é solicitado a produzir. Também, a frequência de ocorrência dos estados de avaria e a duração média desses estados são índices muito úteis para o planeamento dos sistemas de produção e para a análise dos custos industriais. Sabe-se da importância da fiabilidade e da manutabilidade dos equipamentos, das redundâncias e os recursos de manutenção sobre estes índices. Reconhece-se, também, o papel que os buffers existentes entre secções do sistema de produção desempenham, ao impedir ou atenuar a propagação, para jusante, de efeitos indesejáveis provocados por avaria de equipamentos, absentismo de operadores ou não conformidade de produtos. Neste artigo, será apresentado um método de avaliação do desempenho de sistemas de produção, em especial de análise do efeito que a dimensão e a localização dos buffers tem sobre esse desempenho. A avaliação de índices como a disponibilidade, ou a frequência e a duração das avarias é, normalmente, uma tarefa complexa devido a duas ordens de factores principais: a dimensão dos sistemas em análise e o carácter não markoviano do seu comportamento. Para contornar estas dificuldades, será explorada uma abordagem hierárquica e não-markoviana. A sua originalidade reside no facto de possibilitar a obtenção de um modelo global do sistema, por integração de modelos simplificados ao nível dos subsistemas, com base no qual são determinados os índices de fiabilidade e as análises de sensibilidade. Na parte final do artigo, apresentar-se-á a aplicação da metodologia a um sistema de produção constituído por três células de fabrico e dois buffers.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reliability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hierarchical approach]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-markovian systems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[manufacturing systems]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Abordagem hier&aacute;rquica para avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o    da fiabilidade de sistemas de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o complexos com comportamento    n&atilde;o-markoviano</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>        <p align="center"> Eus&eacute;bio Nunes *</p>       <p align="center"> Jos&eacute; Faria &#8224;</p>        <p align="center"> Manuel Matos &#8224;,&#8225;</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center">* Departamento de Produ&ccedil;&atilde;o e Sistemas, Escola    de Engenharia - Universidade do Minho </p>     <p align="center"><a href="mailto:enunes@dps.uminho.pt">enunes@dps.uminho.pt</a></p>     <p align="center">&#8224; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia - Universidade do Porto      <p align="center"><a href="mailto:jfaria@fe.up.pt">jfaria@fe.up.pt</a></p>         ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center">&#8225; INESC - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores    - Porto</p>     <p align="center"><a href="mailto:mam@fe.up.pt">mam@fe.up.pt</a></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Abstract</b></p>  In the actual context of global, intense competitiveness, the performance of the production systems is a key competitiveness factor for manufacturing companies. Factors such as the availability of the manufacturing cells and the frequency of production shortages are very important indexes for system designers and managers, both at the planning and at the operational stages of the production systems life cycle.     <p>The reliability, maintainability and redundancy of the manufacturing equipment are well known performance drivers of the production system, but intermediate work-in-process (wip) buffers are another fundamental driver. Despite the endless inventory reduction efforts made by production managers, very often, wip buffers still play a central role in the operation of the production systems. They smooth the unbalance of manufacturing cells and limit the consequences of events such as equipment failures and non conforming lots, preventing them to propagate to the downstream production units. </p>     <p>This paper will present a set of tools and methods for the assessment of performance indexes of production systems. Particular attention will be paid to the assessment of the impact of the dimension and the localization of the wip buffers on the global performance of the systems. </p>     <p>The assessment of availability, frequency and duration related indexes is a complex task for production systems, due to the dimension of the systems under study, and the fact that their behaviour, normally, will not be markovian. To overcome these difficulties, a hierarchical, non-markovian approach was developed. Its originality lays on the fact that it allows evaluating the performance indexes from a global system model that was obtained from the integration of a set of equivalent models derived at the subsystem level. </p>     <p>In the final part of the paper, a numerical example concerning a production    system made by three cells and two buffers will be presented.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>           <p><b>Resumo</b></p>  No actual contexto de forte concorr&ecirc;ncia e de crescente exig&ecirc;ncia dos mercados, no projecto e explora&ccedil;&atilde;o dos sistemas de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o, &eacute; fundamental ter em conta os aspectos que afectam a sua disponibilidade, isto &eacute;, a probabilidade do sistema estar operacional quando &eacute; solicitado a produzir. Tamb&eacute;m, a frequ&ecirc;ncia de ocorr&ecirc;ncia dos estados de avaria e a dura&ccedil;&atilde;o m&eacute;dia desses estados s&atilde;o &iacute;ndices muito &uacute;teis para o planeamento dos sistemas de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o e para a an&aacute;lise dos custos industriais.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Sabe-se da import&acirc;ncia da fiabilidade e da manutabilidade dos equipamentos, das redund&acirc;ncias e os recursos de manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o sobre estes &iacute;ndices. Reconhece-se, tamb&eacute;m, o papel que os <i>buffers</i> existentes entre sec&ccedil;&otilde;es do sistema de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o desempenham, ao impedir ou atenuar a propaga&ccedil;&atilde;o, para jusante, de efeitos indesej&aacute;veis provocados por avaria de equipamentos, absentismo de operadores ou n&atilde;o conformidade de produtos. Neste artigo, ser&aacute; apresentado um m&eacute;todo de avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o do desempenho de sistemas de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o, em especial de an&aacute;lise do efeito que a dimens&atilde;o e a localiza&ccedil;&atilde;o dos <i>buffers</i> tem sobre esse desempenho. </p>     <p>A avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o de &iacute;ndices como a disponibilidade, ou a frequ&ecirc;ncia e a dura&ccedil;&atilde;o das avarias &eacute;, normalmente, uma tarefa complexa devido a duas ordens de factores principais: a dimens&atilde;o dos sistemas em an&aacute;lise e o car&aacute;cter n&atilde;o markoviano do seu comportamento. Para contornar estas dificuldades, ser&aacute; explorada uma abordagem hier&aacute;rquica e n&atilde;o-markoviana. A sua originalidade reside no facto de possibilitar a obten&ccedil;&atilde;o de um modelo global do sistema, por integra&ccedil;&atilde;o de modelos simplificados ao n&iacute;vel dos subsistemas, com base no qual s&atilde;o determinados os &iacute;ndices de fiabilidade e as an&aacute;lises de sensibilidade. </p>     <p>Na parte final do artigo, apresentar-se-&aacute; a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o    da metodologia a um sistema de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o constitu&iacute;do por    tr&ecirc;s c&eacute;lulas de fabrico e dois <i>buffers</i>. </p>     <p></p>     <p><b>Keywords:</b> reliability, hierarchical approach, non-markovian systems, manufacturing systems </p>     <p><b>Title:</b> Reliability assessment of non-markovian complex production systems    using a hierarchical approach</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>        <p></p>     <p>Texto completo apenas dispon&iacute;vel em PDF. </p>     <p>Full text only in PDF. </p>     ]]></body>
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