<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0874-5161</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigação Operacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. Op.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0874-5161</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[APDIO - Associação Portuguesa de Investigação Operacional]]></publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0874-51612005000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The art and science of problem solving]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[René Victor Valqui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Technical University of Denmark  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lyngby ]]></addr-line>
<country>Denmark</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>157</fpage>
<lpage>178</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0874-51612005000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0874-51612005000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0874-51612005000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In this paper we will document that real-life problem solving in complex situations demands both rational (scientific) and intuitive (artistic) thinking. First, the concepts of art and science will be discussed; differences and similarities will be enhanced. Thereafter the concept of group problem solving facilitation both as science and art will be presented. A case study related to examination’s planning will be discussed to illustrate the main concepts in practice. In addition, other cases studies will also be shortly presented.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Problem solving]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[art]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[science]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[facilitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[group work]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>The art and science of problem solving</b></p>     <p align="center">René Victor Valqui Vidal &#8224 </p>     <p align="center"> &#8224 Informatics and Mathematical Modelling</p>     <p align="center"><st1:place><st1:PlaceName>Technical</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType>University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>    of <st1:country-region><st1:place>Denmark</st1:place></st1:country-region></p>     <p align="center">2800 Lyngby</p>     <p align="center"><st1:country-region><st1:place>Denmark</st1:place></st1:country-region></p>     <p align="center"><a href="mailto:vvv@imm.dtu.dk">vvv@imm.dtu.dk</a></p>     <p align="center"><a href="http://www.imm.dtu.dk/~vvv" target="_blank">www.imm.dtu.dk/~vvv</a></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">                                           </p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><b>&nbsp;</b><b >Abstract</b></p>        <p>In this paper we will document that real-life problem solving in complex situations demands both rational (scientific) and intuitive (artistic) thinking. First, the concepts of art and science will be discussed; differences and similarities will be enhanced. Thereafter the concept of group problem solving facilitation both as science and art will be presented. A case study related to examination’s planning will be discussed to illustrate the main concepts in practice. In addition, other cases studies will also be shortly presented.</p>      <p><b >Keywords:</b> Problem solving, art, science, facilitation, group work</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>Texto completo apenas disponível em PDF. </p>      <p>Full text only in PDF. </p>      <p>    </p>      <p><b>References</b></p>     <!-- ref --><p>Ackoff, R. L. (1981) The Art and Science of Problem Solving, Interfaces, Vol. 11, No. 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=328529&pid=S0874-5161200500020000100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>Boland, J. Richard Jr. and Collopy, Fred (eds.) (2004) Managing as Designing, Stanford Business Books, <st1:place><st1:PlaceName>Stanford</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType>University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> <st1:place><st1:City>Press</st1:City>, <st1:State>California</st1:State>, <st1:country-region>USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Eiselt, H. A. and Laporte, G. (1987) Combinatorial Optimization with Soft and Hard Requirements, Journal of Operations Research, Vol 38, No 9, pp. 785-795.</p>      <p>Eistein, A. (1934) Essays in Science, Philosophical Library, NY.</p>      <p>Eliasson, O. (2004) Minding the World, ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, <st1:place><st1:City>Aarhus</st1:City>, <st1:country-region>Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place></p>      <p>Hansen, M. P. and Vidal, R. V. V. (1995) Planning of High School Examinations in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Denmark</st1:place></st1:country-region>, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 87, pp. 519-534.</p>      <p>Nelson, H. G. and Stolterman, E. (2003) The <st1:Street><st1:address>Design Way</st1:address></st1:Street>: Intentional Change in an Unpredictable World – Foundations and Fundamentals of Design Competence, Educational Technology Publications, <st1:City><st1:place>Englewood</st1:place></st1:City> Cliffs, <st1:State><st1:place>New Jersey</st1:place></st1:State>, <st1:country-region><st1:place>USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</p>      <p>Silver, E. A., Vidal R. V. V., and De Werra, D (1980) A Tutorial on Heuristic Methods, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol 5, pp. 153-162.</p>      <p>Sorensen, L., Vidal, R.V.V., and Engström, E. (2004) Using Soft OR in a Small    Company – The case of Kirby, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.    152 pp. 555-570.</p>      <p>Vidal, R.V.V. (2004a) The Vision Conference: Facilitating Creative Processes, Systems Practice and Action Research, Vol. 17, No 3, pp. 385-405</p>      <p  >Vidal, R.V.V. (2004b) From Action to Learning: The systematisation of alternative consulting experiences, AI&amp;Society, Vol. 18, No 2, pp. 134-148.</p>      <p >Whyte, F.W. (1996) Emancipatory practice Through the Sky River Project, Systems    practice, Vol. 9, nr.2, pp. 151-157.</p>     ]]></body>
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<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ackoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Art and Science of Problem Solving]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Interfaces]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
