<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0874-5560</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ex aequo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ex aequo]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0874-5560</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Associação Portuguesa de Estudos sobre as Mulheres - APEM]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0874-55602025000200116</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22355/exaequo.2025.52.09</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Image-based sexual abuse: changes in the Portuguese criminal framework]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Violência sexual baseada em imagens: alterações ao enquadramento jurídico-penal português]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El abuso sexual basado en imágenes: reformas en el marco penal portugués]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana Vilas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Católica Portuguesa Faculdade de Direito Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Direito]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>52</numero>
<fpage>116</fpage>
<lpage>130</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0874-55602025000200116&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0874-55602025000200116&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0874-55602025000200116&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract As the concept of image-based sexual abuse is developed as a form of sexual violence against women that occurs growingly in the digital sphere, criminal law needs to be adapted in order to criminalise all the behaviours adopted by individuals that harm, particularly, women&#8217;s sexual freedom. This article discusses some of the changes imposed or advised by the Directive 2024/1385 and the Istanbul Convention to the Portuguese criminal framework.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo À medida que o conceito de violência sexual com base em imagens se desenvolve como uma forma de violência sexual contra as mulheres, e que ocorre cada vez mais no espaço digital, a lei penal necessita de ser adaptada para criminalizar todos os comportamentos adotados por indivíduos que atentem, particularmente, contra a liberdade sexual das mulheres. Este artigo debate algumas das alterações impostas ou recomendadas pela Diretiva 2024/1385 e pela Convenção de Istambul ao ordenamento jurídico-penal português.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen A medida que se desarrolla el concepto de violencia sexual basada en imágenes como una forma de violencia sexual contra las mujeres, y que se manifiesta cada vez más en el ámbito digital, el derecho penal debe adaptarse para tipificar como delito todas las conductas adoptadas por individuos que vulneran, en particular, la libertad sexual de las mujeres. Este artículo debate algunas de las modificaciones impuestas o recomendadas por la Directiva 2024/1385 y por el Convenio de Estambul al marco jurídico-penal portugués.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Istanbul Convention]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Directive 2024/1385]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[violence against women]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[image-based sexual abuse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Convenção de Istambul]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Diretiva 2024/1385]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência contra as mulheres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cibercriminalidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência sexual baseada em imagens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Convenio de Estambul]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Directiva 2024/1385]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia contra las mujeres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciberdelincuencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[abuso sexual basado en imágenes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Observações sobre a projectada reforma do regime dos crimes sexuais e do crime de violência doméstica.&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Ciência Criminal]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>668-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Council of Europe</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence [Istanbul Convention].]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Commission</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Parliament &amp; Council of the EU</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Directive 2012/29/EU.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Parliament &amp; Council of the EU</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Directive (EU) 2024/1385.]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Women&#8217;s Lobby</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Report on Cyber Violence Against Women - Policy Overview and Recommendations.]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faustino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria João]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sílvia Lazary de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Faz Delete&#8221;: Contributos para o conhecimento sobre a violência sexual baseada em imagens (VSBI) em Portugal. Estudo elaborado no âmbito da Rede de Jovens para a Igualdade]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>GREVIO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[GREVIO Baseline Evaluation Report: Portugal.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Council of Europe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>GREVIO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[GREVIO General Recommendation No. 1 on the Digital Dimension of Violence Against Women]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Council of Europe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Grupo Parlamentar do Partido Socialista</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Projeto de Lei n.º 736/XIII - Reforça a proteção jurídico-penal da intimidade da vida privada na internet]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Grupo Parlamentar do Partido Socialista</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Projeto de Lei n.º 347/XV - Reforça a proteção das vítimas de crimes de disseminação não consensual de conteúdos íntimos, alterando o Código Penal e o Decreto-Lei n.º 7/2004, de 7 de janeiro, que aprova o Comércio Eletrónico no Mercado Interno e Tratamento de Dados Pessoais. PL_347_XV]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Kingdom of Belgium</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Code Pénal]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Belgium_Penal_Code]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGlynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clare]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Image-Based Sexual Abuse.&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rackley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erika]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Journal of Legal Studies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>534-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Plan International</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Free To Be Online? A Report on Girls&#8217; and Young Women&#8217;s Experiences of Online Harassment.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>República Portuguesa</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Código Penal de 1982 (versão consolidada)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>República Portuguesa</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Lei n.º 44/2018, de 9 de agosto]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Diário da República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlotta]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Towards A European Criminal Law on Violence Against Women: The Ambitions and Limitations of the Commission&#8217;s Proposal to Criminalise Image-Based Sexual Abuse.&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGlynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clare]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Journal of European Criminal Law]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>452-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlotta]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Image-Based Sexual Abuse and EU Law: A Critical Analysis.&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGlynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clare]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franziska]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[German Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1472-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cláudia Cruz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;O velho crime de devassa da vida privada posto à prova pelas novas formas de indiscrição.&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[40 Anos do Código Penal 1982-2022, edited by Anabela Miranda Rodrigues, Sónia Fidalgo, &amp; Tiago da Costa Andrade, 212-242]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FDUC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Kingdom</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Online Safety Act 2023]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Kingdom</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sexual Offences Act 2003]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
