<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-0086</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Psic., Saúde & Doenças]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-0086</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia da Saúde]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-00862003000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Conhecimentos e atitudes sobre o VIH/SIDA em adolescentes portugueses]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Knowlege and attitudes about HIV/AIDS issues of portuguese adolescents]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarida Gaspar de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Battistutta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simões]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Celeste]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalhosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Suzana Fonseca]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sónia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonçalves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aldina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Faculdade de Motricidade Humana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Queensland University of Technology School of Public Health ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Brisbane ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-00862003000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-00862003000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-00862003000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A resposta social às pessoas infectadas com o vírus da SIDA bem como a prevenção do VIH/SIDA é limitada pelo estigma associado à SIDA. A prevenção do VIH/SIDA e da exclusão social das pessoas infectadas com o vírus, é pois um assunto fundamental na área da saúde. Neste contexto, torna-se fundamental desenvolver estudos sobre o "estado de arte", no que diz respeito ao conhecimento dos jovens acerca dos aspectos relevantes sobre o VIH/SIDA e das suas atitudes face às pessoas infectadas com o vírus, que variam em geral entre a negligência, a precaução e a exclusão social (Potsonen & Kontula, 1999; Thompson, Currie, Todd, & Elton, 1999). Neste trabalho é estudado o modo como os dados demográficos, as características pessoais, as relações com os pais com os pares e ainda o envolvimento escolar estão associados ao conhecimento sobre as formas de transmissão e a atitude face a pessoas infectadas. Foram utilizados dados da amostra Portuguesa de 1998, estudo integrado na rede Europeia HBSC ("Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: a WHO Cross Cultural Study"), cujo objectivo é o estudo dos estilos de vida e comportamentos de saúde em jovens em idade escolar (Currie, Hurrelmann, Settertobulte, Smith, & Todd, 2000; King, Wold, Tudor & Harel, 1996; Matos, Simões, Carvalhosa, Reis, & Canha, 2000). Este estudo baseia-se num questionário, preenchido pelos alunos, que é administrado nas escolas, e inclui alunos do sexto, oitavo e décimo ano do ensino regular com uma média de idade de M=14,1 anos (DP=1,7). Na metodologia de análise foi utilizado um modelo de regressão logística, afim de obter a contribuição independente de cada uma das variáveis explicativas na variação das variáveis em estudo: (1) conhecimento do modo de transmissão e (2) atitudes face a pessoas infectadas com o VIH/SIDA. Os resultados são expressos em "odds ratios" com 95% de intervalo de confiança. A análise dos resultados sugere que quando o conhecimento acerca dos modos de transmissão é deficitário, as atitudes face às pessoas infectadas tendem a ser menos positivas. As raparigas parecem ter uma atitude mais positiva e melhores conhecimentos dos modos de transmissão, assim como os adolescentes mais velhos. Os adolescentes com um estatuto socio-económico médio, com melhores expectativas face ao futuro e com uma melhor percepção da escola e do seu desempenho escolar tendem a demonstrar uma atitude mais positiva face às pessoas infectadas, bem como melhores conhecimentos sobre as formas de transmissão. O envolvimento e apoio dos pais é relevante. A percepção dos adolescentes acerca do seu bem-estar está relacionada com a percepção de um meio escolar positivo (Matos & Carvalhosa, 2001b; Matos, 2002), e com a probabilidade de escolherem estilos de vida e comportamentos de saúde (Nutbeam, Smith, Moore, & Bauman, 1993). As escolas são contextos privilegiados para abordar os adolescentes e para planear intervenções que proporcionem a participação dos alunos na construção da sua própria saúde e na construção de atitudes positivas face aos outros, e face às pessoas infectadas com VIH, em particular. Muito trabalho há a fazer na área da Educação para a Saúde em geral, e na Educação para a Saúde Sexual em particular. As competências sociais, o desenvolvimento do auto-conceito, a participação, a resolução de problemas e a tomada de decisão são aspectos fundamentais na denominada "segunda geração" de estratégias da Educação//Promoção de Saúde nas escolas (Matos, 1997; Matos, 2002). É necessário fazer esforços para promover um sentimento de filiação dos adolescentes ao contexto escolar, como forma de aumentar a percepção de um meio escolar positivo, a percepção subjectiva de bem-estar, o sentimento de pertença, a percepção de auto-eficácia e de valor e consequentemente, as suas escolhas por estilos de vida saudáveis.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Social response to HIV infected people, and social response in HIV prevention is limited by the AIDS related stigma. Prevention of HIV/AIDS, as well as prevention of HIV/AIS infected social exclusion, is thus a key health issue. The way to highlight this matter implies the study of the "state of art" of the knowledge of adolescents about HIV/AIDS issues and theirs attitudes towards infected individuals, ranging from precaution to social exclusion (Potsonen & Kontula, 1999; Thompson, Currie, Todd, & Elton, 1999). This paper examines the way in which variables related to demographic factors, personal characteristics, peer relationships, parent relationships, and school involvement are associated with knowledge about transmission and attitudes to infected persons by adolescents. The study used data from the 1998 Portuguese sample of the European study HBSC ("Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: a WHO Cross Cultural Study", Currie, Hurrelmann, Settertobulte, Smith, & Todd, 2000; King, Wold, Tudor, & Harel, 1996; Matos, Simões, Carvalhosa, Reis, & Canha, 2000). This survey is based on a self-completed questionnaire that is administered in schools. The HBSC survey includes pupils in the 6th, 8th and 10th years of high school (age M=14.1 years old, SD=1.7). Logistic regression models were used to consider the independent contribution of each explanatory variable to variation in attitude and knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission. Results are expressed as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. It was noticeable in this study, the importance that schools can have in the discussion of accurate knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission: if knowledge about transmission is not accurate, attitude towards infected people is less positive. Girls seemed to have a more positive attitude and better knowledge, as well as older adolescents. Adolescents with a medium socio economic status, a better expectation towards one's future, a better perception of schooling and a better perception of school achievement tend to show a more positive attitude towards HIV infected people, and a better knowledge about transmission. Parents involvement or at least parental occasional encouragement is also relevant. Adolescents' perception of wellbeing is related to their perception of a positive school ethos (Matos & Carvalhosa 2001b; Matos 2002), and to their probability to choose health related behaviours their life style (Nutbeam, Smith, Moore, & Bauman, 1993). Schools are handy settings to approach adolescents, and design interventions directed to allow pupils participation in the construction of their own health and positive attitudes towards others' in general and HIV infected people specifically. Focusing on the average Portuguese adolescent, traditional health education in Portuguese schools is not refined and needs to include first and second generation strategies for health promotion. It is still a lot of work to be done in the area of health education, namely an education towards a healthy sexuality. Then, issues such as communication skills, self concept enhancement, participation and problem solving and decision making are key issues in the so called second generation strategies in health education and promotion in schools (Matos, 1997; Matos 2002). An effort has to be made order to improve the possibility of a sense of affiliation and agency of adolescents in schools settings, as a way to increase their perceived positive school "ethos" and thus their subjective perception of wellbeing, sense of belonging, perception of self-efficacy and worthfulness and consequently their choices of healthier life style.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Adolescentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Atitude]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Escola]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Família]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Pares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Transmissão]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[VIH/SIDA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Adolescents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Attitude]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Family]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV/AIDS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[School]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transmission]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Conhecimentos e Atitudes sobre o VIH/SIDA em Adolescentes    Portugueses</b></p>       <P align="center">Margarida Gaspar de Matos<Sup><a href="#1">*</a><a name="top1"></a>1</Sup>,    Diana Battistutta<Sup>2</Sup>, Celeste Sim&otilde;es<Sup>1</Sup>, Suzana Fonseca    Carvalhosa<Sup>1</Sup>, S&oacute;nia Dias<Sup>3</Sup>, &amp; Aldina Gon&ccedil;alves<Sup>3</Sup></P>       <P align="center"><Sup>1</Sup>Faculdade de Motricidade Humana,      Universidade T&eacute;cnica de Lisboa </P>       <P align="center"><Sup>2</Sup>School of Public Health, Brisbane,      Queensland University of Technology </P>       <P align="center"><Sup>3</Sup>Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical,      Universidade Nova de Lisboa </P>       <P>&nbsp;</P>        <P align="justify"><B>RESUMO: </B>A resposta social &agrave;s pessoas infectadas    com o v&iacute;rus da SIDA bem como a preven&ccedil;&atilde;o do VIH/SIDA &eacute;    limitada pelo estigma associado &agrave; SIDA. A preven&ccedil;&atilde;o do    VIH/SIDA e da exclus&atilde;o social das pessoas infectadas com o v&iacute;rus,    &eacute; pois um assunto fundamental na &aacute;rea da sa&uacute;de. Neste contexto,    torna-se fundamental desenvolver estudos sobre o &quot;estado de arte&quot;,    no que diz respeito ao conhecimento dos jovens acerca dos aspectos relevantes    sobre o VIH/SIDA e das suas atitudes face &agrave;s pessoas infectadas com o    v&iacute;rus, que variam em geral entre a neglig&ecirc;ncia, a precau&ccedil;&atilde;o    e a exclus&atilde;o social (Potsonen &amp; Kontula, 1999; Thompson, Currie,    Todd, &amp; Elton, 1999). </P>     <P align="justify">Neste trabalho &eacute; estudado o modo como os dados demogr&aacute;ficos,    as caracter&iacute;sticas pessoais, as rela&ccedil;&otilde;es com os pais com    os pares e ainda o envolvimento escolar est&atilde;o associados ao conhecimento    sobre as formas de transmiss&atilde;o e a atitude face a pessoas infectadas.    Foram utilizados dados da amostra Portuguesa de 1998, estudo integrado na rede    Europeia HBSC (&quot;Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: a WHO Cross Cultural    Study&quot;), cujo objectivo &eacute; o estudo dos estilos de vida e comportamentos    de sa&uacute;de em jovens em idade escolar (Currie, Hurrelmann, Settertobulte,    Smith, &amp; Todd, 2000; King, Wold, Tudor &amp; Harel, 1996; Matos, Sim&otilde;es,    Carvalhosa, Reis, &amp; Canha, 2000).</P>     <P align="justify">Este estudo baseia-se num question&aacute;rio, preenchido pelos    alunos, que &eacute; administrado nas escolas, e inclui alunos do sexto, oitavo    e d&eacute;cimo ano do ensino regular com uma m&eacute;dia de idade de <I>M</I>=14,1    anos (<I>DP</I>=1,7). </P>     <P align="justify">Na metodologia de an&aacute;lise foi utilizado um modelo de    regress&atilde;o log&iacute;stica, afim de obter a contribui&ccedil;&atilde;o    independente de cada uma das vari&aacute;veis explicativas na varia&ccedil;&atilde;o    das vari&aacute;veis em estudo: (1) conhecimento do modo de transmiss&atilde;o    e (2) atitudes face a pessoas infectadas com o VIH/SIDA. Os resultados s&atilde;o    expressos em &quot;odds ratios&quot; com 95% de intervalo de confian&ccedil;a.  </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="justify">A an&aacute;lise dos resultados sugere que quando o conhecimento    acerca dos modos de transmiss&atilde;o &eacute; deficit&aacute;rio, as atitudes    face &agrave;s pessoas infectadas tendem a ser menos positivas. As raparigas    parecem ter uma atitude mais positiva e melhores conhecimentos dos modos de    transmiss&atilde;o, assim como os adolescentes mais velhos. Os adolescentes    com um estatuto socio-econ&oacute;mico m&eacute;dio, com melhores expectativas    face ao futuro e com uma melhor percep&ccedil;&atilde;o da escola e do seu desempenho    escolar tendem a demonstrar uma atitude mais positiva face &agrave;s pessoas    infectadas, bem como melhores conhecimentos sobre as formas de transmiss&atilde;o.    O envolvimento e apoio dos pais &eacute; relevante.</P>     <P align="justify"> A percep&ccedil;&atilde;o dos adolescentes acerca do seu bem-estar    est&aacute; relacionada com a percep&ccedil;&atilde;o de um meio escolar positivo    (Matos &amp; Carvalhosa, 2001b; Matos, 2002), e com a probabilidade de escolherem    estilos de vida e comportamentos de sa&uacute;de (Nutbeam, Smith, Moore, &amp;    Bauman, 1993). As escolas s&atilde;o contextos privilegiados para abordar os    adolescentes e para planear interven&ccedil;&otilde;es que proporcionem a participa&ccedil;&atilde;o    dos alunos na constru&ccedil;&atilde;o da sua pr&oacute;pria sa&uacute;de e    na constru&ccedil;&atilde;o de atitudes positivas face aos outros, e face &agrave;s    pessoas infectadas com VIH, em particular. Muito trabalho h&aacute; a fazer    na &aacute;rea da Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o para a Sa&uacute;de em geral, e na    Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o para a Sa&uacute;de Sexual em particular. As compet&ecirc;ncias    sociais, o desenvolvimento do auto-conceito, a participa&ccedil;&atilde;o, a    resolu&ccedil;&atilde;o de problemas e a tomada de decis&atilde;o s&atilde;o    aspectos fundamentais na denominada &quot;segunda gera&ccedil;&atilde;o&quot;    de estrat&eacute;gias da Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o//Promo&ccedil;&atilde;o de Sa&uacute;de    nas escolas (Matos, 1997; Matos, 2002). &Eacute; necess&aacute;rio fazer esfor&ccedil;os    para promover um sentimento de filia&ccedil;&atilde;o dos adolescentes ao contexto    escolar, como forma de aumentar a percep&ccedil;&atilde;o de um meio escolar    positivo, a percep&ccedil;&atilde;o subjectiva de bem-estar, o sentimento de    perten&ccedil;a, a percep&ccedil;&atilde;o de auto-efic&aacute;cia e de valor    e consequentemente, as suas escolhas por estilos de vida saud&aacute;veis. </P>     <P align="justify"><I>Palavras chave</I>: Adolescentes, Atitude, Escola, Fam&iacute;lia,    Pares, Transmiss&atilde;o, VIH/SIDA. </P>     <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>          <p align="center"><b>Knowlege and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS issues of Portuguese    Adolescents</b></p>          <p><b>ABSTRACT: </b>Social response to HIV infected people, and social response    in HIV prevention is limited by the AIDS related stigma. Prevention of HIV/AIDS,    as well as prevention of HIV/AIS infected social exclusion, is thus a key health    issue. The way to highlight this matter implies the study of the &quot;state    of art&quot; of the knowledge of adolescents about HIV/AIDS issues and theirs    attitudes towards infected individuals, ranging from precaution to social exclusion    (Potsonen &amp; Kontula, 1999; Thompson, Currie, Todd, &amp; Elton, 1999). </p>     <p>This paper examines the way in which variables related to demographic factors,    personal characteristics, peer relationships, parent relationships, and school    involvement are associated with knowledge about transmission and attitudes to    infected persons by adolescents. </p>     <p>The study used data from the 1998 Portuguese sample of the European study HBSC    (&quot;Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: a WHO Cross Cultural Study&quot;,    Currie, Hurrelmann, Settertobulte, Smith, &amp; Todd, 2000; King, Wold, Tudor,    &amp; Harel, 1996; Matos, Sim&otilde;es, Carvalhosa, Reis, &amp; Canha, 2000).    This survey is based on a self-completed questionnaire that is administered    in schools. The HBSC survey includes pupils in the 6th, 8th and 10th years of    high school (age <I>M</I>=14.1 years old, <I>SD</I>=1.7). </p>     <p>Logistic regression models were used to consider the independent contribution    of each explanatory variable to variation in attitude and knowledge about HIV/AIDS    transmission. Results are expressed as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p> It was noticeable in this study, the importance that schools can have in the    discussion of accurate knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission: if knowledge about    transmission is not accurate, attitude towards infected people is less positive.    Girls seemed to have a more positive attitude and better knowledge, as well    as older adolescents. Adolescents with a medium socio economic status, a better    expectation towards one's future, a better perception of schooling and a better    perception of school achievement tend to show a more positive attitude towards    HIV infected people, and a better knowledge about transmission. Parents involvement    or at least parental occasional encouragement is also relevant.</p>     <p> Adolescents' perception of wellbeing is related to their perception of a positive    school ethos (Matos &amp; Carvalhosa 2001b; Matos 2002), and to their probability    to choose health related behaviours their life style (Nutbeam, Smith, Moore,    &amp; Bauman, 1993). Schools are handy settings to approach adolescents, and    design interventions directed to allow pupils participation in the construction    of their own health and positive attitudes towards others' in general and HIV    infected people specifically. </p>     <p>Focusing on the average Portuguese adolescent, traditional health education    in Portuguese schools is not refined and needs to include first and second generation    strategies for health promotion. It is still a lot of work to be done in the    area of health education, namely an education towards a healthy sexuality. Then,    issues such as communication skills, self concept enhancement, participation    and problem solving and decision making are key issues in the so called second    generation strategies in health education and promotion in schools (Matos, 1997;    Matos 2002). An effort has to be made order to improve the possibility of a    sense of affiliation and agency of adolescents in schools settings, as a way    to increase their perceived positive school &quot;ethos&quot; and thus their    subjective perception of wellbeing, sense of belonging, perception of self-efficacy    and worthfulness and consequently their choices of healthier life style. </p>     <P><I>Key words: </I>Adolescents, Attitude, Family, HIV/AIDS, Peers, School, Transmission.  </P>     <P>&nbsp; </P>          <P>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF. </P>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center">&nbsp;</P>         <!-- ref --><P align="justify">Centro de Vigil&acirc;ncia Epidemiol&oacute;gica das Doen&ccedil;as Transmiss&iacute;veis,        Instituto Nacional de Sa&uacute;de de Lisboa (2001). <I>Infec&ccedil;&atilde;o        VIH/SIDA: A situa&ccedil;&atilde;o em Portugal em 31 de Dezembro de 2001.        Doc. 127. </I>Comiss&atilde;o Nacional de Luta contra a SIDA. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000034&pid=S1645-0086200300010000100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P align="justify">Comby, L., Devos, T., Deschamps, J., &amp; Troussier, T. (1993).    Representations sociales du SIDA: R&eacute;sultats d'une enqu&ecirc;te &agrave;    l'&icirc;le de la R&eacute;union. <I>Sant&eacute; Publique, 5</I>(6), 52-62.  </P>     <P align="justify">Currie, C., &amp; Todd, J. (1993). <I>Health behaviours of Scottish school children: Report 3: Sex education, personal relationships, sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes</I>. Edinburgh: RUHBC and HEBS. </P>    <P align="justify">Currie, C., Hurrelmann, K., Settertobulte, W., Smith, R., &amp; Todd, J. (2000). <I>Health and Health behaviour among young people</I>. HEPCA series, WHO, 1. </P>    <P align="justify">Di Clemente, R., Hansen, W., &amp; Ponton, L. (1996). <I>Handbook of adolescent health risk behaviour</I>. New York: Plenum Press. </P>     <P align="justify">DuRant, R., Ashworth, C., Newman, C., &amp; Gaillard, G. (1992).    High school students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS and perceived risk of currently    having AIDS. <I>Journal of School Health, 62</I>(2), 59-63. </P>     <P align="justify">Gurin, P., &amp; Towsend, A. (1986). Properties of gender identity and their implications for gender consciousness. <I>British Journal of Social Psychology, 25</I>, 139-148. </P>     <P align="justify">Kindeberg, T., &amp; Christensson, B. (1994). Changing Swedish    students' attitudes in relation to the AIDS epidemic. <I>Health Education Research,    9</I>(2), 171-181. </P>     <P align="justify">King, A., Wold, B., Tudor Smith, C., &amp; Harel, Y. (1996). <I>The health of youth: A cross national survey</I>. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, WHO Regional Publications, European series, n&ordm; 69. </P>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="justify">Kumpfer, K., &amp; Turner, C. (1991). The social ecology model of adolescent substance use: Implication for prevention. <I>The International Journal of Addiction, 25</I>(4A), 435-463. </P>    <P align="justify">Matos, M. (1997). <I>Comunica&ccedil;&atilde;o e gest&atilde;o de conflitos na escola. </I>Lisboa: Edi&ccedil;&otilde;es FMH. </P>    <P align="justify">Matos, M., Sim&otilde;es, C., &amp; Carvalhosa, S. (Eds.). (2000). <I>Desenvolvimento de compet&ecirc;ncias de vida na preven&ccedil;&atilde;o do desajustamento social</I>. Lisboa: IRS-MJ. </P>    <P align="justify">Matos, M., Sim&otilde;es, C., Carvalhosa, S., Reis, C., &amp; Canha, L. (2000). <I>A sa&uacute;de dos adolescentes portugueses</I>. Lisboa: FMH/PEPT-Sa&uacute;de. </P>    <P align="justify">Matos, M., &amp; Carvalhosa, S. (2001a). <I>Sa&uacute;de mental e mal-estar f&iacute;sico na idade escolar, 3</I>(1). Lisboa: FMH /PEPT /GPT. </P>    <P align="justify">Matos, M., &amp; Carvalhosa, S. (2001b). A sa&uacute;de dos adolescentes: Ambiente escolar e bem-estar. <I>Psicologia, Sa&uacute;de &amp; Doen&ccedil;as, 2</I>(2), 43-53. </P>    <P align="justify">Matos, M. (2002). Prevenir o desajustamento pessoal e social: Que compet&ecirc;ncias de vida. Cidade solid&aacute;ria. <I>Revista da Santa Casa de Misericordia, V</I>, 38-44 </P>    <P align="justify">Miller, B., Norton, M., Fan, X., &amp; Christopherson, C. (1998). Pubertal development, parental communiation and sexual values in relation to adoelscent sexual behaviors. <I>Journal of Early Adolescence, 18</I>(1), 27-52. </P>    <P align="justify">Nutbeam, D., Smith, C., Moore, L., &amp; Bauman, A. (1993). Warning! School can damage your health: Alienation from school and its impact on health behaviour. <I>Journal Paediatric Child Health, 29</I>(suppl.), 825-830. </P>    <P align="justify">Pinel, E. (1999). Stigma Consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. <I>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76</I>(1), 114-128. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="justify">Potsonen, R., &amp; Kontula, O. (1999). Adolescents' knowledge    and attitudes concerning infection and HIV infected persons: How a survey and    focus group discussions are suites for researching adolescents' HIV/AIDS knowledge    and attitudes. <I>Health Educationa Research, 14</I>(4), 473-484. </P>     <P align="justify">Ramirez, J., Gosset, D., Ginburg, K., Taylor, L., &amp; Slap, G. (2000). Preventing HIV transmission: The perspective of inner-city Puerto Rican adolescents. <I>Journal of Adolescents Health, 26</I>(4), 258-267. </P>     <P align="justify">Samdal, O., Nutbeam, D., Wold, B., &amp; Kannas, L. (1998).    Achieving health and educational goals through schools - A study of the importance    of the school climate and the students' satisfation with school. <I>Health Education    Research, 13</I>(3), 383-397. </P>     <P align="justify">Thompson, C., Currie, C., Todd, J., &amp; Elton, R. (1999). Changes in HIV/AIDS education, knowledge and attitudes among Scottish 15-16 years old, 1990-1994 findings from WHO: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study (HBSC). <I>Health Education Research, 14</I>(3), 357-370. </P>          <P align="justify">Tikkanen, J., &amp; Koskela, K. (1992). A five year follow-up    study of attitudes to HIV infection among Finns. <I>Health Promotion International,    7</I>(1), 3-9. </P>     <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>          <P align="justify"><a href="#top1">*</a><a name="1"></a>Contactar para E-mail:    <a href="mailto:mmatos@fmh.utl.pt%20">mmatos@fmh.utl.pt </a></P>        ]]></body><back>
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<source><![CDATA[Infecção VIH/SIDA: A situação em Portugal em 31 de Dezembro de 2001]]></source>
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<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comissão Nacional de Luta contra a SIDA]]></publisher-name>
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