<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-0086</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Psic., Saúde & Doenças]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-0086</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia da Saúde]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-00862005000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[História e Evolução do Conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[History and Evolution of the Concept of Subjective Well-Being]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iolanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L. Pais]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>203</fpage>
<lpage>214</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-00862005000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-00862005000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-00862005000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O artigo é uma revisão de literatura que pretende expor os movimentos Sócio-históricos, ao longo dos quais evoluiu o conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo. A abrangência do conceito coloca-o numa posição de intersecção de vários domínios da Psicologia, designadamente, a Psicologia Social, a Psicologia da Saúde e a Psicologia Clínica. A história do conceito, analisada por diferentes investigadores, aponta heranças históricas distintas, relacionadas com a convergência de o rigens teóricas distintas. Nesse sentido, identifica-se uma primeira herança nos movimentos sociais inspirados no Iluminismo e no Utilitarismo, que impulsionaram a investigação na área da Qualidade de Vida. Uma segunda herança, relaciona-se com os desenvolvimentos no campo da Saúde, designadamente, a 2ª Revolução da Saúde, na década de 70, cujos princípios centrais consistiram em defender o retorno a uma perspectiva ecológica na Saúde e mudar o enfoque das questões da doença para as questões da Saúde. Recentemente, a Psicologia Clínica vem abraçar o conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo, no contexto da chamada Psicologia Positiva. Qualquer das heranças Sócio-históricas contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da investigação na área de Bem-Estar Subjectivo, nas suas várias facetas e aplicações. Paralelamente, o conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo evoluiu através de limites difusos, atravessando dois momentos críticos na sua definição: a distinção Bem-Estar Material versus Bem-Estar Global; e, a distinção Bem-Estar Psicológico versus Bem-Estar Subjectivo. Definimos o Bem-Estar Subjectivo, como é entendido actualmente, a partir dos principais investigadores da área e observamos um consenso na aceitação de uma dimensão cognitiva e de uma dimensão afectiva do conceito. Estas dimensões, constituem elas mesmas conceitos abrangentes, domínios de estudo - o conceito de Qualidade de Vida e o conceito de Afecto. Alargámos ainda a definição do Bem-Estar Subjectivo, enquanto campo de estudo, aos critérios científicos definidos pelos investigadores da área.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The article is a literature revision aiming to describe the historical-political movements that influenced the development of the Subjective Well-Being concept. The concept stands in an intersection point of several Psychology fields: Social Psychology; Health Psychology; and Clinical Psychology. The history of the concept, analysed by some of the main researchers in the field points out distinct historical inheritances, related with the convergence of distinct theoretical origins. A first inheritance is the social movements inspired in the Illuminist and Utilitarian Creed, which stimulated scientific research in the area of the Quality of Life. A second inheritance, is related with developments in the Health field, pointedly, the 2nd Health Revolution, in 70's decade, whose main principles consisted on defending the return to an ecological perspective in Health and changing the focus of the questions from the Illness to Health. Recently, Clinical Psychology embraces the concept of Subjective Well-Being in the context of the so called Positive Psychology. Each of the socio-politics inheritances contributed for the promotion of the research on the concept of Subjective Well-being, in its several facets and applications. Simultaneously, the concept of Subjective Well-Being developed from diffuse limits through two critical moments in the definition of the construct: the distinction Material Well-being versus Global Well-Being; and the distinction Psychological Well-Being versus Subjective Well-Being. Subjective Well-Being is defined, based on several definitions from the main researchers in the field and we can observe some consensus in the recognition of a cognitive dimension and an affective dimension. These dimensions constitute themselves broad concepts, even research domains - the Quality of Life and Affect. We extended the definition of Subjective Well-Being, as a research field, to the scientific criteria established by investigators of the field.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Bem-estar subjectivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[História]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Evolução]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Definição]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Definition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[History]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Subjective well-being]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P align="center"><strong>Hist&oacute;ria e Evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o do Conceito    de Bem-Estar Subjectivo</strong></P>      <p align="center">Iolanda Galinha<Sup><a href="#1">*</a><a name="top1"></a> </Sup>    &amp; J.L. Pais Ribeiro</p>      <p align="center">Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci&ecirc;ncias da Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    da Universidade do Porto </p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <P align="justify"><B>RESUMO: </B>O artigo &eacute; uma revis&atilde;o de literatura    que pretende expor os movimentos S&oacute;cio-hist&oacute;ricos, ao longo dos    quais evoluiu o conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo. A abrang&ecirc;ncia do conceito    coloca-o numa posi&ccedil;&atilde;o de intersec&ccedil;&atilde;o de v&aacute;rios    dom&iacute;nios da Psicologia, designadamente, a Psicologia Social, a Psicologia    da Sa&uacute;de e a Psicologia Cl&iacute;nica. A hist&oacute;ria do conceito,    analisada por diferentes investigadores, aponta heran&ccedil;as hist&oacute;ricas    distintas, relacionadas com a converg&ecirc;ncia de o rigens te&oacute;ricas    distintas. Nesse sentido, identifica-se uma primeira heran&ccedil;a nos movimentos    sociais inspirados no Iluminismo e no Utilitarismo, que impulsionaram a investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o    na &aacute;rea da Qualidade de Vida. Uma segunda heran&ccedil;a, relaciona-se    com os desenvolvimentos no campo da Sa&uacute;de, designadamente, a 2&ordf;    Revolu&ccedil;&atilde;o da Sa&uacute;de, na d&eacute;cada de 70, cujos princ&iacute;pios    centrais consistiram em defender o retorno a uma perspectiva ecol&oacute;gica    na Sa&uacute;de e mudar o enfoque das quest&otilde;es da doen&ccedil;a para    as quest&otilde;es da Sa&uacute;de. Recentemente, a Psicologia Cl&iacute;nica    vem abra&ccedil;ar o conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo, no contexto da chamada    Psicologia Positiva. Qualquer das heran&ccedil;as S&oacute;cio-hist&oacute;ricas    contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o na &aacute;rea    de Bem-Estar Subjectivo, nas suas v&aacute;rias facetas e aplica&ccedil;&otilde;es.    Paralelamente, o conceito de Bem-Estar Subjectivo evoluiu atrav&eacute;s de    limites difusos, atravessando dois momentos cr&iacute;ticos na sua defini&ccedil;&atilde;o:    a distin&ccedil;&atilde;o Bem-Estar Material <I>versus </I>Bem-Estar Global;    e, a distin&ccedil;&atilde;o Bem-Estar Psicol&oacute;gico <I>versus </I>Bem-Estar    Subjectivo. Definimos o Bem-Estar Subjectivo, como &eacute; entendido actualmente,    a partir dos principais investigadores da &aacute;rea e observamos um consenso    na aceita&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma dimens&atilde;o cognitiva e de uma dimens&atilde;o    afectiva do conceito. Estas dimens&otilde;es, constituem elas mesmas conceitos    abrangentes, dom&iacute;nios de estudo - o conceito de Qualidade de Vida e o    conceito de Afecto. Alarg&aacute;mos ainda a defini&ccedil;&atilde;o do Bem-Estar    Subjectivo, enquanto campo de estudo, aos crit&eacute;rios cient&iacute;ficos    definidos pelos investigadores da &aacute;rea. </P>      <P><I>Palavras chave</I>: Bem-estar subjectivo, Hist&oacute;ria,  Evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o, Defini&ccedil;&atilde;o. </P>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center"><strong>History and Evolution of the Concept of Subjective Well-Being</strong></P>      <p align="justify"><B>ABSTRACT: </B>The article is a literature revision aiming    to describe the historical-political movements that influenced the development    of the Subjective Well-Being concept. The concept stands in an intersection    point of several Psychology fields: Social Psychology; Health Psychology; and    Clinical Psychology. The history of the concept, analysed by some of the main    researchers in the field points out distinct historical inheritances, related    with the convergence of distinct theoretical origins. A first inheritance is    the social movements inspired in the Illuminist and Utilitarian Creed, which    stimulated scientific research in the area of the Quality of Life. A second    inheritance, is related with developments in the Health field, pointedly, the    2nd Health Revolution, in 70's decade, whose main principles consisted on defending    the return to an ecological perspective in Health and changing the focus of    the questions from the Illness to Health. Recently, Clinical Psychology embraces    the concept of Subjective Well-Being in the context of the so called Positive    Psychology. Each of the socio-politics inheritances contributed for the promotion    of the research on the concept of Subjective Well-being, in its several facets    and applications. Simultaneously, the concept of Subjective Well-Being developed    from diffuse limits through two critical moments in the definition of the construct:    the distinction Material Well-being <I>versus </I>Global Well-Being; and the    distinction Psychological Well-Being <I>versus </I>Subjective Well-Being. Subjective    Well-Being is defined, based on several definitions from the main researchers    in the field and we can observe some consensus in the recognition of a cognitive    dimension and an affective dimension. These dimensions constitute themselves    broad concepts, even research domains - the Quality of Life and Affect. We extended    the definition of Subjective Well-Being, as a research field, to the scientific    criteria established by investigators of the field. </p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><I>Key words: </I>Development, Definition, History, Subjective well-being. </P>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <P align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS </P>      <!-- ref --><P>Andrews, F.M., &amp; Robinson, J.P. (1991). Measures of subjective  well being. In J.P. Robinson, P.R. Shaver, &amp; L.S. Wrightsman (Eds.),  <I>Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes </I>(vol. 1,  pp. 61-67). San Diego: Academic Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000019&pid=S1645-0086200500020000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P>Andrews, F.M., &amp; Withey, S.B. (1976). <I>Social Indicators of Well Being:    America's perception of life quality</I>. New York: Plenum Press. </P>      <P>Campbell, A., Converse, P.E., &amp; Rogers, W.L. (1976). <I>The Quality  of American Life: Perceptions, evaluations and satisfactions</I>. New York:  Russel Sage Foundations. </P>      <P>Cantril, H. (1967). <I>The Pattern of Human Concerns</I>. New Brunswick:  Rutgers University Press. </P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. <I>Psychological Bulletin,  95</I>, 542-575. </P>      <P>Diener, E., &amp; Biswas-Diener, R. (2000). New Directions in Subjective Well-Being    Research: The Cutting Edge. University of Illinois, Pacific University. Retrieved    September, 25, 2005, in <a href="http://s.psych.uiuc.edu/%7Eediener/hottopic/NEW_DIRECTIONS.html" target="_blank">http://s.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener/hottopic/NEW_DIRECTIONS.html</a>  </P>      <P>Diener, E., Suh, E.M, &amp; Oishi, S. (1997). <I>Recent Findings on Subjective    Well-Being. </I>University of Illinois. Retrieved June, 7, 2005, from <a href="http://www.psych.uiuc.edu/%7Eediener/hottopic/paper1.html" target="_blank">http://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener/hottopic/paper12.htm    </a></P>      <P>Diener, E., Suh, E.M., Lucas, R.E., &amp; Smith, H.L. (1999).  Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. <I>Psychological Bulletin,  125</I>, 276-302. </P>      <P>George, L.K. (1981). Subjective Well Being. Conceptual and Methodological  Issues. <I>Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2</I>, 345-382. </P>      <P>Gurin, G., Veroff, J., &amp; Feld, S. (1960). <I>Americans View their  Mental Health</I>. New York: Basic. </P>      <P>Horley, J. (1984). Life Satisfaction, Happiness and Morale: Two problems  with the use of Subjective Well being indicators. <I>The Gerontologist,  24</I>(2), 124-127. </P>      <P>Inglehart, R., &amp; Rabier, J.-R. (1986). Aspirations adapt to situations  &ndash; But why are the Belgians so much happier than the French? A cross  cultural analyses of quality of life. In F.M. Andrews (Ed.), <I>Research  in the Quality of Life </I>(pp. 1-56) Ann Harbor, MI: Institute for Social  Research.</P>       <P>Lucas, R.E., Diener, E., &amp; Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity  of well-being measures. <I>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,  71</I>, 616-628.</P>       <P>McCullough, G., Heubner, E.S., &amp; Laughlin, J. (2000). Life events, self-concept,    and adolescents' positive subjective well-being. <I>Psychology in the Schools,    37</I>, 281-291. </P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Michalos, A. (1986). Job, satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and the  quality of life: A review and a preview. In F.M. Andrews (Ed.), <I>Research  on the Quality of Life </I>(pp. 57-83). Ann Harbor: University of Michigan  Institute for Social Research. </P>      <P>Novo, R. (2003). <I>Para Al&eacute;m da Eudaimonia - O bem-estar psicol&oacute;gico    em mulheres na idade adulta avan&ccedil;ada. </I>Textos Universit&aacute;rios    de Ci&ecirc;ncias Sociais e Humanas. Coimbra: Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o Calouste    Gulbenkian e Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o para a Ci&ecirc;ncia e a Tecnologia. </P>      <P>O&rsquo;Donnell, M.P. (1986). Definition of Health Promotion. <I>American  Journal of Health Promotion, 1</I>, 4-5. Oliveira, J.H. (2000). Felicidade:  Teorias e factores. <I>Psicologia, Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o e Cultura, IV</I>,  281-309.</P>      <P>Pais-Ribeiro, J. (2002). A Qualidade de Vida Tornou-se um Resultado  Importante no Sistema de Cuidados de Sa&uacute;de. <I>Revista de  Gastrenterologia &amp; Cirurgia, XIX</I>(103), 159-173.</P>       <P>Pais Ribeiro, J.L. (1994). A import&acirc;ncia da qualidade de vida  para a psicologia da sa&uacute;de. <I>An&aacute;lise Psicol&oacute;gica,  XII</I>(2-3), 179-191.</P>       <P>Pais Ribeiro, J.L. (1998). <I>Psicologia e Sa&uacute;de</I>. Lisboa: ISPA.</P>       <P>Pais-Ribeiro J. (2004). Quality of Life is a Primary End-Point in  Clinical Settings. <I>Clinical Nutrition</I>, <I>23</I>, 121-130.</P>       <P>Pais Ribeiro, J.L. (2005). <I>Introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; psicologia  da sa&uacute;de</I>. Coimbra: Quarteto.</P>       <P>Sagiv, L., &amp; Schwartz, S.H. (2000). Value priorities and subjective  well-being: Direct relations and congruity effects. <I>European Journal of  Social Psychology, 30</I>, 177-198. </P>      <P>Saraceno, B. (1995). Mental health promotion and psychiatric care: A  common final path? In D. Trent &amp; C. Reed (Eds.), <I>Promotion on  Mental Health </I>(vol. IV, pp. 41-51). Aldershot: Avebury. </P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Sim&otilde;es, A., Ferreira, J., Lima, M., Pinheiro, M., Vieira, C.,  Matos, A., &amp; Oliveira, A. (2000). O bem estar subjectivo: Estado  actual dos conhecimentos. <I>Psicologia, Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o e Cultura,  4</I>, 243-279.</P>      <P>Sirgy, M.J. (2002). <I>The Psychology of Quality of Life</I>. Dordrecht:  Klwer Academic Publishers.</P>       <P>Strack, F., Argyle, M., &amp; Schwarz, N. (1991). <I>Subjective Well-Being:  An interdisciplinary perspective</I>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</P>       <P>Terris, M. (1975). Aproaches to an epidemiology of health. <I>The American  Journal of Public Health, 65</I>, 1037-1045. </P>      <P>Van Praag, B., &amp; Fritjers, P. (1999). The measurement of welfare and  well-being: The Leyden approach. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, &amp; N. Schwarz  (Eds.), <I>Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology </I>(pp. 413-433)<I>.  </I>New York: Russel Sage Foundation. </P>      <P>Veenhoven, R. (1996). The Study of Life Satisfaction. In W.E. Saris, R.  Veenhoven, A.C. Scherpenzeel, &amp; B. Bunting (Eds.), A Comparative Study  of Satisfaction With Life in Europe (pp 11-48). E&ouml;tv&ouml;s: University  Press.</P>       <P>Veenhoven, R. (2000).The four qualities of life: Ordering concepts and  measures of the good life. <I>Journal of Happiness Studies, 1</I>, 1-39.</P>       <P>Veroff, J., Douvan, E., &amp; Kulka, R. (1981). <I>The Inner American:  A self portrait from 1957 to 1976</I>. New York: Basic.</P>       <P>Wallis, C. (2005). The new science of happiness. <I>Time Mind &amp;  Body, 65</I>, 38-44.</P>       <P>WHO (2001). <I>The World Health Report 2001: Mental health - New understanding,    new hope</I>. Geneva: World Health Organization.</P>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Wilson, W. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. <I>Psychological  Bulletin, 67</I>, 294-306. </P>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <P><a href="#top1">*</a><a name="1"></a> Contactar para E-mail: <a href="mailto:iolandag@yahoo.com">iolandag@yahoo.com</a></P>     <P>Trabalho financiado pela Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o para a Ci&ecirc;ncia  e a Tecnologia -BD /8336/ 2002.</P>       ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Measures of subjective well being]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wrightsman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>61-67</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Diego ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
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</back>
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