R. Torres1
P. Carvalho2
J.A. Duarte3
1 Instituto Politécnico da Saúde Norte, Escola Superior de Saúde de Vale do Sousa, Departamento de Fisioterapia.
2 Centro de Medicina Desportiva do Norte.
3 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Desporto, CIAFEL, Portugal.
]]> RESUMO
Este estudo teve como objectivos determinar se o estiramento estático do músculo quadriceps, (i) por si só, induz agressão no músculo íntegro, e se (ii) efectuado após o exercício físico agrava as manifestações clínicas e bioquímicas da agressão muscular. Vinte e sete sujeitos jovens do sexo masculino, sedentários, foram divididos por 3 grupos e submetidos: Grupo 1 - a um programa de estiramentos estáticos; Grupo 2 - a um programa de contracções excêntricas; e Grupo 3 - a um programa de contracções excêntricas (idêntico ao Grupo 2) seguido por um programa de estiramentos (idêntico ao Grupo 1). Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos e bioquímicos imediatamente antes do exercício e 1, 24, 48, 72, 96 horas após. A avaliação clínica compreendeu a quantificação da dor à palpação, da circunferência da coxa, do Peak Torque Excêntrico Máximo. A avaliação bioquímica compreendeu a quantificação da actividade plasmática da Creatina Kinase e da Transaminase Glutâmica Oxaloacética. Não foram observadas alterações clínicas ou bioquímicas, ao longo do tempo, no grupo submetido unicamente ao programa de estiramento; observou-se, ainda, que as manifestações de lesão muscular foram idênticas para o grupo 2 e grupo 3. Em conclusão, o estiramento estático, por si só, não parece induzir agressão muscular esquelética no quadriceps íntegro e, quando realizado neste músculo após a agressão pelo exercício excêntrico, não parece agravar as manifestações clínicas e bioquímicas da miopatia do exercício.
Palavras-chave: exercício excêntrico, estiramento estático, agressão muscular, miopatia do exercício, desconforto muscular.
ABSTRACT
Effects of a static stretching program on clinical and biochemical markers of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise.
The aims of this study were to determine if the quadriceps static stretching, (i) alone, induces aggression in the integral muscle, and if (ii) done after physical exercise, intensifies the muscular aggression clinical and biochemical manifestations. Twenty-seven young sedentary male subjects were divided in three groups. A protocol of static stretching was applied to group 1; a protocol of eccentric contractions was applied to group 2, while group 3 followed a protocol consisting of eccentric contractions (similar to the one performed by group 2) and stretching (identical to group 1). Clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated immediately before and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after exercise. The clinical evaluation included the quantification of pain induced by palpation, thigh girth, and Eccentric Maximal Peak Torque determination. The biochemical evaluation consisted on the quantification of plasmatic kinase creatine and oxaloacetic glutamic transaminase activities. No clinical or biochemical alterations were observed during the time in the group that only followed the stretching protocol. The muscular damage was identical in group 2 and group 3. Concluding, static stretching by itself does not seem to induce a skeletal muscular aggression in an integral quadriceps. When applied in this muscle after the aggression caused by eccentric exercise, it does not seem to intensify exercise miopathy clinical and biochemical manifestations.
Key Words: eccentric exercise, static stretching, muscular aggression, exercise miopathy, muscle soreness.
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
]]> Full text only available in PDF format.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
1. Anderson, B.; Burke, E. R. (1991). Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching. Clin. Sports Med. 10: 63-86. [ Links ]
2. Armstrong, R. B.(1984). Mechanisms of exercise-induce delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 16: 529-538. [ Links ]
3. Armstrong, R. B.(1990). Initial events in exercise-induce muscular injury. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22: 429-435. [ Links ]
4. Armstrong, R. B.; Warren, G. L.; Warren, G. A.(1991). Mechanisms of exercise-induced fibre injury. Sports Med. 12: 184-207. [ Links ]
5. Bobbert, M. F.; Hollander, P.; Huijing P. A. (1986). Factors in delayed onset muscular soreness of men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 18: 75-81. [ Links ]
6. Brown, S. J.; Child, R. B.; Day, S. H.; Donnelly, A. E. (1997). Exercise-induce skeletal muscle damage and adaptation following repeated bouts of eccentric muscle contractions. J. Sports Sci. 15: 215-222. [ Links ]
7. Buroker, K. C.; Schwane, J. A. (1989). Does post exercises static stretching alleviates delayed muscle soreness? Phys. Sports Med. 17(6): 65-83. [ Links ]
8. Chan, S. P.; Hong, Y.; Robinson, P. D. (2001). Flexibility and passive resistance of the hamstrings of young adults using two different static stretching protocols. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 11: 81-86. [ Links ]
9. Clarkson, P. M. (1992). Exercise-induce muscle damage–animal and human models. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24: 510-521. [ Links ]
10. Clarkson, P. M.; Hubal, M. J. (2002). Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81(Suppl): S52-S69. [ Links ]
11. Clarkson, P. M.; Nosaka, K.; Braun, B. (1992). Muscle function after exercise-induce muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24: 512-520. [ Links ]
12. Dannecker, E. A.; Koltyn, K. F.; Riley, J. L.; Robinson, M. E. (2002). The Influence of endurance exercise on delayed onset muscle soreness. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 42: 458-465. [ Links ]
13. DeVries, H. A. (1966). Quantitative electromyographic investigation of the spasm theory of muscle pain. Am. J. Phys. Med. 45: 119-134. [ Links ]
14. Duarte, J. A. R.; Soares, J. M. C. (1990). Sensação retardada de desconforto muscular: etiologia, fisiopatologia, tratamento e prevenção. Rev. Port. Med. Desp. 3: 155-161. [ Links ]
15. Duarte, J. A. R.; Soares, J. M. C. (1991). Etiologia da fadiga muscular: alguns factores condicionantes. Rev. Port. Med. Desp. 9: 165-174. [ Links ]
16. Ebbeling, C. B.; Clarkson, P. M. (1990). Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 60: 26-31. [ Links ]
17. Eston, R. G.; Finney, S.; Baker, S.; Baltzopoulos, V. (1996). Muscle tenderness and peak torque after downhill running a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. J. Sports Sci. 14: 291-299. [ Links ]
18. Evans, R. K.; Knight, k. L.; Draper, D. O.; Parcell, A. (2002). Effects of warm-up before eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 34: 1892-1899. [ Links ]
19. Feland, J. B.; Myrer J. W.; Merrill, R. M. (2001). Acute changes in hamstring flexibility: PNF versus static stretch in senior athletes. Phys. Ther. Sport 2: 186-193. [ Links ]
20. Friden, J.; Lieber, R. L. (1992). Structural and mechanical basis of exercise-induce muscle injury. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24: 521-530. [ Links ]
21. Herbert, R. D.; Gabriel, M. (2002). Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: Systematic review. BMJ 325: 1-5 [ Links ]
22. High, D. M.; Howley, E.T.; Franks, B. D. (1989). The effects of static stretching and warm-up on prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness. Res. Q. Exerc. Sports 60: 357-361. [ Links ]
23. Johansson, P. H.; Lindstrom, L.; Sundelin, G.; Lindstrom, B. (1999). The effects of preexercise stretching on muscular soreness, tenderness and force loss heavy eccentric exercise. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 9: 219-225. [ Links ]
24. Jones D. A.; Newham, D. J.; Torgan C. (1989). Mechanical influences on long-lasting human muscle fatigue and delayed muscle-onset pain. J. Physiol. 412: 415-427. [ Links ]
25. Laur, D. J.; Anderson, T.; Geddes, G.; Crandall, A.; Pincivero, D. M. (2003). The effects of acute stretching on hamstring muscle fatigue and perceived exertion. J. Sports Sci. 21: 163-170. [ Links ]
26. Lieber, R. L.; Thornell, L.; Friden, J. (1996). Muscle cytoskeletal disruption occurs within the first 15 min of cyclic eccentric contraction. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 278-284. [ Links ]
27. Lieber, R. L.; Woodburn, T. M.; Friden, J. (1991). Muscle damage induced by eccentric contractions of 25% strain. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 2498-2507. [ Links ]
28. Lund, H.; Vestergaard-Poulsen, P.; Kanstrup, I.L.; Sejrsen, P. (1998). The effect of passive stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness and other detrimental effects following eccentric exercise. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 8: 216-221. [ Links ]
29. Lund, H.; Vestergaard-Poulsen, P.; Kanstrup, I.L.; Sejrsen, P. (1998). Isokinetic eccentric exercise as a model to induce and reproduce pathophysiological alterations to delayed onset muscle soreness. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 8: 208-215. [ Links ]
30. MacIntyre, D. L.; Reid, W. D.; McKenzie, D. C. (1995). Delayed muscle soreness: the inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications. Sports Med. 20: 24-40. [ Links ]
31. Magnusson, S. P.; Aagaard, P.; Simonsen, E. B.; Bojsen-Moller, F. (1998). A Biomechanical evaluation of cyclic and static stretch in human skeletal muscle. Int. J. Sports Med. 19: 310-316. [ Links ]
32. Malm, C. (2001). Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation fact or fiction? Acta Physiol. Scand. 171: 233-239. [ Links ]
33. Manfredi, T. G.; Fielding, R. A.; O`Reilly, K. P.; Meredith, C. N.; Lee, H.Y.; Evans, W. J. (1991). Plasma creatine kinase activity and exercise-induce muscle damage in older men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 23: 1028-1034. [ Links ]
34. Miles, M. P.; Clarkson, P. M. (1994). Exercise-induce muscle pain, soreness, and cramps. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 34: 202-216. [ Links ]
35. Miles, M. P.; Ives, J. C. ; Vincent, K. R. (1997). Neuromuscular control following maximal eccentric exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 368-374. [ Links ]
36. Nosaka, K.; Clarkson, P. M. (1997). Influences of previous concentric exercise on eccentric exercise induce muscle damage. J. Sports Sci. 15: 477-483. [ Links ]
37. Nosaka, K.; Newton, M. (2002). Concentric or eccentric training effect on eccentric exercise-induce muscle damage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34: 63-69. [ Links ]
38. Perrin, D. H. (1993). Isokinetic Exercise and Assessment. Champaign, Il.: Human Kinetic Publisher [ Links ]
39. Rodenburg, J. B.; Bar, P. R.; Boer, R. W. (1993). Relations between muscle soreness and biochemical and functional outcomes of eccentric exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 2976-2983. [ Links ]
40. Rodenburg, J.B.; Steenbeek, D.; Schiereck, P.; Bar, P. R. (1994). Warm-up, stretching and massage diminish harmful effects of eccentric exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 15: 414-419. [ Links ]
41. Rosier, E. M.; Iadarola, M. J.; Coghill, R. C. (2002). Reproducibility of pain measurement and pain perception. Pain 98: 205-216. [ Links ]
42. Saxton, J. M.; Clarkson, P. M.; James, R.; Miles, M.; Westerfer, S. C.; Donnelly, A. E. (1995). Neuromuscular dysfunction following eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27: 1185-1193. [ Links ]
43. Schwane, J. A.; Buckley, R. T.; Dipaolo, D. P.; Atkinson, M. A. L.; Shepherd, J. R. (2000). Plasma creatine kinase responses of 18 to 39 yr old African-American men to eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32: 370-378. [ Links ]
44. Shellock, F. G.; Fukunaga, T.; Mink, J. H.; Edgerton, V. R. (1991). Acute effects of exercise on MR image of skeletal muscle: concentric vs eccentrics actions. Am. J. Radiol. 156: 659-664. [ Links ]
45. Shellock, F. G.; Prentice, W. E. (1985). Warming-up and Stretching for improve physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Med. 2: 267-278. [ Links ]
46. Smith, L. L. (1991). Acute inflammation: the underlying mechanism in delayed onset muscle soreness? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 23: 542-551. [ Links ]
47. Smith, L. L.; Brunetz, M. H.; Chenier, T. C.; McCammon, M. R.; Houmard, J. A.; Franklin, M. E.; Israel, R.G. (1993). The effects of static and ballistic stretching on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Creatine Kinase. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 64: 103-107 [ Links ]
48. Soares, J. M. C.; Duarte, J. A. R. (1989). Miopatia do exercício: etiologia, fisiopatologia e factores de prevenção. Rev. Port. Med. Desp. 7: 187-200. [ Links ]
49. Tiidus, P. M.; Shoemaker, J. K. (1995). Effleurage massage, muscle blood flow and long-term post-exercise strength recovery. Int. J. Sports Med. 16: 478-483. [ Links ]
50. Trinick, J. (1994). Titin and nebulin: protein rulers in muscle? (Review). Trends Biochem. Sci. 19: 405-409. [ Links ]
51. Warren, G. L.; Lowe, D. A.; Armstrong, R. B. (1999). Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induce injury. Sports Med. 27: 43-59. [ Links ]
52. Wessel, J.; Wan, A.(1994). Effect of stretching on the intensity of delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin. J. Sports Med. 4: 83-87. [ Links ]
CORRESPONDÊNCIA
Rui Manuel Torres
Departamento de Fisioterapia
Escola Superior de Saúde de Vale do Sousa,
]]> Instituto Politécnico da Saúde Norte,Rua Central de Gandra, 1317
4585-116 Gandra PRD
Portugal
]]>