<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-0523</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Port. Cien. Desp.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-0523</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-05232006000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Efeito do número de demonstrações na aquisição de uma habilidade motora: um estudo exploratório]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of the number of demonstrations on a motor skill learning: An exploratory study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alessandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palhares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fialho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ugrinowitsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Herbert]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional Grupo de Estudos em Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem Motora]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>187</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-05232006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-05232006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-05232006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O efeito de diferentes números de demonstrações na aquisição de habilidades motoras ainda não está claro. Isto incentivou a investigação do efeito do número de demonstrações na aprendizagem do arremesso de dardo de salão. Quatorze sujeitos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: uma demonstração (D1), duas (D2), quatro (D4) e oito (D8). O experimento constou de três fases: aquisição, com 70 tentativas do arremesso "profissional", a 2,37m do alvo; teste de transferência após 3 minutos, com 10 tentativas da pegada em "V", a 3,37m; e teste de retenção da aquisição, com 10 tentativas, após 10 minutos. Na análise do padrão de movimento, pela moda, não se detectou diferença significativa intergrupos (p>0,05) e detectou-se, no índice de variabilidade do padrão de movimento (IVP), diferença intergrupos no bloco 1 do teste de retenção, sendo 4 e 8 demonstrações superiores. Os resultados mostram que todos os grupos foram semelhantes na aprendizagem da tarefa. Além disso, 4 e 8 demonstrações apresentaram uma maior flexibilidade no padrão de movimento.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The effect of the number of demonstrations on motor skill learning isn’t clear. This originated the present research about the effect of the number of demonstrations on a dart throwing learning task. Fourteen subjects were randomly divided into four groups: one (D1), two (D2), four (D4) and eight (D8) demonstrations. This study had three phases: (1) acquisition, with 70 trials of "professional" dart throwing, 2,37m far from the target; (2) transfer test after three minutes, 10 trials with "V" dart throwing, 3,37m far from the target; (3) acquisition retention test, 10 trials, after ten minutes. Kruskal-Wallis test didn’t show significant differences (p>0,05) among the movement patterns of the different groups. However, differences among the movement pattern variability index (IVP) of the different groups in the first block of retention test were found, corresponding the best performances to D4 and D8 groups. Results also evidentiated that all groups were similar on the motor skill learning. Despite of this, groups D4 and D8 showed more movement pattern flexibility.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[aprendizagem motora]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[habilidade motora]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[número de demonstrações]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[number of demonstrations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[motor skill]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[motor learning]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Efeito do n&uacute;mero de demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es    na aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma habilidade motora: um estudo explorat&oacute;rio.</b></p>      <p align="center"><b>Alessandro Bruzi</b></p>     <p align="center"> <b>Leandro Palhares</b></p>     <p align="center"> <b>Jo&atilde;o Fialho</b></p>     <p align="center"> <b>Rodolfo Benda</b></p>     <p align="center"> <b>Herbert Ugrinowitsch</b></p>     <p align="center"><i>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    F&iacute;sica, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Grupo de Estudos em Desenvolvimento    e Aprendizagem Motora, Belo Horizonte &#8211; MG, Brasil. </i></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>RESUMO</b></p>     <p>O efeito de diferentes n&uacute;meros de demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es na aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o de  habilidades motoras ainda n&atilde;o est&aacute; claro. Isto incentivou a investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o do  efeito do n&uacute;mero de demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es na aprendizagem do arremesso de dardo de  sal&atilde;o. Quatorze sujeitos foram distribu&iacute;dos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: uma  demonstra&ccedil;&atilde;o (D1), duas (D2), quatro (D4) e oito (D8). O experimento constou de tr&ecirc;s  fases: aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o, com 70 tentativas do arremesso &#8220;profissional&#8221;, a 2,37m do alvo; teste de transfer&ecirc;ncia ap&oacute;s 3 minutos, com 10  tentativas da pegada em &#8220;V&#8221;, a 3,37m; e teste de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o da  aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o, com 10 tentativas, ap&oacute;s 10 minutos. Na an&aacute;lise do padr&atilde;o de  movimento, pela moda, n&atilde;o se detectou diferen&ccedil;a significativa intergrupos (p&gt;0,05) e  detectou-se, no &iacute;ndice de variabilidade do padr&atilde;o de movimento (IVP), diferen&ccedil;a  intergrupos no bloco 1 do teste de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o, sendo 4 e 8 demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es superiores. Os resultados mostram que todos os grupos foram semelhantes na aprendizagem da tarefa. Al&eacute;m disso,  4 e 8 demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es apresentaram uma maior flexibilidade no padr&atilde;o de movimento.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><i>Palavras-chave</i>: aprendizagem motora, habilidade motora, n&uacute;mero    de demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>ABSTRACT</b></p>     <p><b>Effect of the number of demonstrations on a motor skill learning: An exploratory study.</b> </p>      <p>The effect of the number of demonstrations on motor skill learning isn&#8217;t clear. This originated the  present research about the effect of the number of demonstrations on a dart throwing learning task. Fourteen  subjects were randomly divided into four groups: one (D1), two (D2), four (D4) and eight (D8) demonstrations.  This study had three phases: (1) acquisition, with 70 trials of &#8220;professional&#8221; dart throwing, 2,37m far from the target; (2) transfer test after three minutes, 10 trials with &#8220;V&#8221; dart  throwing, 3,37m far from the target; (3) acquisition retention test, 10 trials, after ten minutes.  Kruskal-Wallis test didn&#8217;t show significant differences (p&gt;0,05) among the movement patterns of the  different groups. However, differences among the movement pattern variability index (IVP) of the different  groups in the first block of retention test were found, corresponding the best performances to D4 and D8  groups. Results also evidentiated that all groups were similar on the motor skill learning. Despite of this, groups D4 and D8 showed more movement pattern flexibility.</p>      <p><i>Key Words</i>: number of demonstrations, motor skill, motor learning.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS</b></p>     <!-- ref --><p>1. Al-Abood S, Davids K, Bennet S J (2001). Specificity of task constraints    and effects of visual demonstrations and verbal instructions in directing learner&#8217;s    search during skill acquisition. <i>Journal of Motor Behavior</i> 33: 295-305&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=732949&pid=S1645-0523200600020000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>2. Bandura A (1986). <i>Social foundations of thought and action: a social    cognitive theory</i>. Englewood Cliffs: Prenctice-Hall </p>     <p>3. Barela AMF, Barela JA (1997). Restri&ccedil;&otilde;es ambientais no arremesso    de ombro. <i>Motriz </i>3: 65-72</p>     <p>4. Bruzi AT, Palhares LR, Fialho JVAP, Benda RN, Ugrinowitsch H (2004). A influ&ecirc;ncia    do n&uacute;mero de demonstra&ccedil;&otilde;es na aprendizagem do arremesso    de dardo de sal&atilde;o. In: <i>Anais do XXVII Simp&oacute;sio Internacional    de Ci&ecirc;ncias do Esporte</i>. S&atilde;o Paulo, 298</p>     <p>5. Carrol W, Bandura A (1982). The role of visual monitoring in observational    learning of action patterns: making the unobservable observable. <i>Journal    of Motor Behavior</i> 14: 153-167</p>     <p>6. Carrol W, Bandura A (1985). The role of timing of visual monitoring and    motor rehearsal in observational learning of action patterns. <i>Journal of    Motor Behavior</i> 17: 269-281</p>     <p>7. Carrol W, Bandura A (1987). Translating cognition into action: the role    of visual guidance in observational learning. <i>Journal of Motor Behavior</i>    19: 385-398</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>8. Carrol W, Bandura A (1990). Representation guidance of action production    in observational learning: a causal analysis. <i>Journal of Motor Behavior</i>    22: 85-97</p>     <p>9. Christina R (1989). Motor learning: futures lines of research. In Safrit    MJ, Eckert HM (Ed.). <i>The cutting edge in physical education and exercise    science research</i>. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 26-41</p>     <p>10. Feltz D (1982). The effect of age and number of demonstrations on modeling    of form and performance. <i>Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport</i>    53: 291-296</p>     <p>11. Fialho JVAP, Ugrinowitsch H (2004). O efeito da interfer&ecirc;ncia contextual    no treinamento de habilidades motoras esportivas. In Silami-Garcia E, Lemos    K L M (eds.) <i>Temas Atuais em Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica e Esportes    IX</i>. Belo Horizonte: Sa&uacute;de, 21-35</p>     <p>12. Gentile A M (1972). A working model of skill acquisition with application    to teaching. <i>Quest</i> 17: 3-23</p>     <p>13. Gimenez R, Ugrinowitsch H, Souza LL, Lima P, Magalh&atilde;es D, Jaess    AC (2002). Influ&ecirc;ncia de um programa de atividade motora sobre padr&otilde;es    fundamentais de movimento em crian&ccedil;as de segunda inf&acirc;ncia. In A<i>nais    do II Congresso Latino-Americano da FIEP-UNIMEP</i>. Piracicaba, 335-339</p>     <p>14. Laguna PL (1999). Effects of multiple correct model demonstration on cognitive    representation development and performance accuracy in motor skill acquisition.    <i>Journal of Human Movement Studies</i> 37: 55-86</p>     <p>15. Landers DM (1978). When and where to use demonstrations: suggestions for    the practioners. <i>Journal of Physical Education and Recreation</i> 49: 65-67</p>     <p>16. Manoel EJ (1999). A din&acirc;mica do estudo do comportamento motor. <i>Revista    Paulista de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica</i> 13: 52-61</p>     <p>17. McCullagh P, Weiss MR, Ross D (1989). Modeling considerations in motor    skill acquisition and performance: an integrated approach. In Pandolf KB (ed.)    <i>Exercise and sport science reviews</i>. Baltimore: Willians and Wilkins</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>18. Newell K, Morris L, Scully D (1985). Augmented information and the acquisition    of skills in physical activity. In Terjung R (ed.) <i>Exercise and Sports Sciences    Review</i>. New York: Macmillan, 235-261</p>     <p>19. P&uacute;blio NS, Tani G, Manoel EJ (1995). Efeitos da demonstra&ccedil;&atilde;o    e instru&ccedil;&atilde;o verbal na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras da gin&aacute;stica    ol&iacute;mpica. <i>Revista Paulista de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica</i>    9: 111-124</p>     <p>20. Tani G (1992). Contribui&ccedil;&otilde;es da aprendizagem motora &agrave;    Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica: uma an&aacute;lise cr&iacute;tica. <i>Revista    Paulista de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica</i> 2: 65-72</p>     <p>21. Tani G (1997). Esporte e t&eacute;cnica. In Tambucci PL, Mariz De Oliveira    JG, Sobrinho JC (ed.) <i>Esporte e Jornalismo</i>. S&atilde;o Paulo: CEPEUSP,    33-38</p>     <p>22. Thomas JR, Nelson JK (2001). <i>M&eacute;todos de pesquisa em atividade    f&iacute;sica</i>. 3 edi&ccedil;&atilde;o, Porto Alegre: Artmed</p>     <p>23. Ugrinowitsch H (1999). Pesquisa de s&iacute;ntese em biodin&acirc;mica    do movimento. In <i>Anais do II Simp&oacute;sio da Escola de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    F&iacute;sica e Esportes da Universidade de S&atilde;o Paulo</i>. S&atilde;o    Paulo, 68</p>     <p>24. Ugrinowitsch H, Manoel EJ (1999). Interfer&ecirc;ncia Contextual: varia&ccedil;&atilde;o    de programa e par&acirc;metro na aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o da habilidade motora    saque do voleibol. <i>Revista Paulista de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica</i>    13: 197-216</p>     <p>25. Vincent WJ (1999). <i>Statistics in kinesiology</i>. 2 edition, Champaign:    Human Kinetics</p>     <p>26. Weeks DL, Choi J (1992). Modeling the perceptual component of a coincident-timing    skill: the influence of frequency of demonstration. <i>Journal of Human Movement    Studies</i> 23: 201-213. </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>CORRESPOND&Ecirc;NCIA</b></p>     <p>Herbert Ugrinowitsch</p>     <p><i>Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o F&iacute;sica,    Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional</i></p>     <p><i>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</i></p>     <p><i>Campus Pampulha</i></p>     <p><i>Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664</i></p>     <p><i>Pampulha, 31330-250</i></p>     <p><i>Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.</i></p>     <p><a href="mailto:mellomar@rc.unesp.br">herbertu@eeffto.ufmg.br</a></p>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Abood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davids]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Specificity of task constraints and effects of visual demonstrations and verbal instructions in directing learner’s search during skill acquisition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Motor Behavior]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>295-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
