<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-0523</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Port. Cien. Desp.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-0523</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-05232007000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Uso de células de carga para mensuração da força dos membros inferiores em nado ondulatório]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Use of load cells to measurements of underwater dolphin kicki force in swimming tethered.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papoti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcelo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitório]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[André B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cunha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adelino S. Ramos da]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luiz E. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gobatto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudio A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdades Integradas de Bauru CEPAF - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa da Atividade Física ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho LAPEF - LAPEF-Laboratórios de Pesquisa em Educação Física ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho IB - Instituto de Biociências Laboratório de Fisiologia Aplicada ao Esporte]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Laboratório de Análises Biomecânicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas Laboratório para instrumentação em Fisiologia do Exercício ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>313</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-05232007000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-05232007000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-05232007000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Considerando a crescente utilização da técnica de nado ondulatório submerso (NO SB) durante a saída e as viradas nas provas de nado crawl, o presente estudo objetivou determinar a força dos membros inferiores em nado ondulatório (FMI NO) e suas correlações com as performances máximas do NO SB e na superfície (NO SP). Para isso 19 nadadores com idade de 15,2±0,6 anos filiados a federação aquática paulista foram submetidos a um esforço máximo de 30s de FMI NO, atados a um dinamômetro contendo células de carga como elemento sensor primário. A tensão detectada pelo dinamômetro, devido aos esforços dos nadadores, foi amplificada por uma fonte de extensometria. Os valores obtidos foram enviados ao computador armazenados na freqüência de 200Hz e suavizados utilizando o filtro "butterworth" de quarta ordem com freqüência de corte de 3 Hz. Com a utilização da reta de calibração pode-se converter valores de tensão (mV) em unidades de força (N) pelo programa Matlab 5.3, possibilitando assim a determinação dos valores médios de FMI NO. Posteriormente os nadadores realizaram esforços máximos de 15 m de NO SB e de 25 m NO SP. As possíveis relações entre esses três esforços, foram analisadas utilizando o teste de correlação de Pearson com nível de significância pré-fixado para P<0,05. Verificamos valores de 53,85±11,45N, 1,19±0,14 m.s-1 e 1,76±0,26 m.s-1 para a FMI NO, NO SB e NO SP, respectivamente. A FMI NO apresentou significativas correlações com a NO SB (r=0,80) e NO SP (r=0,76). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem a utilização da FMI NO na avaliação e predição do NO SB e NO SP de nadadores treinados. No entanto mais pesquisas são necessárias para verificar a sensibilidade da FMI NO aos efeitos específicos do treinamento em natação.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Considering the crescent utilization of the underwater dolphin kick (NO SB) techniques during the beginning and the turns of front crawl events, the main purpose of the present study was to determine the dolphin kick force (FMI NO) in tethered swimming and its correlations with the maximal performance determined in NO SB and in dolphin kick with a commercial board (NO SP). Nineteen male swimmers with mean age of 15.2±0.6 years and affiliated with Sao Paulo Aquatic Federation participated in the present study. The athletes were submitted a 30-s maximal effort of dolphin kick tethered to a dynamometer with strain gages (load cells) as a primary sensor element. The tension detected by the dynamometer due the swimmers’ efforts was amplified by an extensometer font. The results obtained during the efforts were sent to a computer using an interface and were stored in a data acquisition program at 200 Hz. After these procedures, the results were smoothed using the "butterworth" filter of fourth order with 3-Hz frequency. Using the calibration straight line, the values were converted into force units (N) by the Matlab 5.3 program. This conversion allowed the determination of the dolphin kick mean force in tethered swimming (FMI NO). Then, the swimmers performed a 15-m maximum effort of underwater dolphin kick (NO SB) and another 25-m maximum effort of dolphin kick using a commercial board (NO SP). The relationships between these three maximum efforts were analyzed using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A significance level of 5% was chosen. The mean ± standard deviation of FMI NO, NO SB and NO SP were 53.85 ± 11.45N, 1.19 ± 0.14 m.s-1, and 1.76 ± 0.26 m.s-1, respectively. The FMI NO presented significant correlations with NO SB(r= 0.80) and NO SP (r= 0.76). According to the results of the present study, the use of FMI NO to evaluate and predict the NO SB and NO SP of expert’s swimmers is suggested. However, more studies are necessary to verify the sensibility of the FMI NO to specific effects into the swimming training.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[nado ondulatório]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[nado atado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mensuração de força]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dolphin kick]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tethered swimming]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[force measurement]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Uso de células de carga para mensuração da força dos membros    inferiores em nado ondulatório </b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b>Marcelo Papoti<sup>1,3</sup></b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Ricardo Vitório<sup>2</sup></b></p>     <p align="center"><b>André B. Velosa<sup>3</sup></b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Sergio A. Cunha<sup>4</sup></b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Adelino S. Ramos da Silva<sup>3</sup></b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Luiz E. B. Martins<sup>5</sup></b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Claudio A. Gobatto<sup>3</sup></b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><sup>1</sup>Faculdades Integradas de Bauru - CEPAF, Brasil</p>     <p align="center"><sup>2</sup>Laboratório de Pesquisa em Educação Física &#8211;    LAPEF, UNESP, Brasil</p>     <p align="center"><sup> 3</sup>Laboratório de Fisiologia Aplicada ao Esporte,    IB, UNESP, Brasil</p>     <p align="center"><sup>4</sup>Laboratório de Análises Biomecânicas, UNESP, Brasil&nbsp;  </p>     <p align="center"><sup>5</sup>Laboratório para instrumentação em Fisiologia do    Exercício, UNICAMP, Brasil</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b></b></p> <b>Resumo</b>      <p>Considerando a crescente utilização da técnica de nado ondulatório submerso (NO<sub>SB</sub>) durante a saída e as viradas nas provas de nado crawl, o presente estudo objetivou determinar a força dos membros inferiores em nado ondulatório (FMI<sub>NO</sub>) e suas correlações com as performances máximas do NO<sub>SB</sub> e na superfície (NO<sub>SP</sub>). Para isso 19 nadadores com idade de 15,2±0,6 anos filiados a federação aquática paulista foram submetidos a um esforço máximo de 30s de FMI<sub>NO</sub>, atados a um dinamômetro contendo células de carga como elemento sensor primário. A tensão detectada pelo dinamômetro, devido aos esforços dos nadadores, foi amplificada por uma fonte de extensometria. Os valores obtidos foram enviados ao computador armazenados na freqüência de 200Hz e suavizados utilizando o filtro “butterworth” de quarta ordem com freqüência de corte de 3 Hz. Com a utilização da reta de calibração pode-se converter valores de tensão (mV) em unidades de força (N) pelo programa Matlab 5.3, possibilitando assim a determinação dos valores médios de FMI<sub>NO</sub>. Posteriormente os nadadores realizaram esforços máximos de 15 m de NO<sub>SB</sub> e de 25 m NO<sub>SP</sub>. As possíveis relações entre esses três esforços, foram analisadas utilizando o teste de correlação de Pearson com nível de significância pré-fixado para P&lt;0,05. Verificamos valores de 53,85±11,45N, 1,19±0,14 m.s<sup>-1</sup> e 1,76±0,26 m.s<sup>-1</sup> para a FMI<sub>NO</sub>, NO<sub>SB</sub> e NO<sub>SP,</sub> respectivamente. A FMI<sub>NO</sub> apresentou significativas correlações com a NO<sub>SB</sub> (r=0,80) e NO<sub>SP</sub> (r=0,76). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem a utilização da FMI<sub>NO</sub> na avaliação e predição do NO<sub>SB</sub> e NO<sub>SP</sub> de nadadores treinados. No entanto mais pesquisas são necessárias para verificar a sensibilidade da FMI<sub>NO </sub>aos efeitos específicos do treinamento em natação.</p>          <p><i>Palavras-chave:</i><b> </b>nado ondulatório; nado atado; mensuração de força.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>          <p><b>Abstract</b></p>        <p><b>Use of load cells to measurements of underwater dolphin kicki force      in swimming tethered.</b><b></b></p>        <p></p>        <p>Considering      the crescent utilization of the underwater dolphin kick (NO<sub>SB</sub>)      techniques during the beginning and the turns of front crawl events, the main      purpose of the present study was to determine the dolphin kick force (FMI<sub>NO</sub>)      in tethered swimming and its correlations with the maximal performance determined      in NO<sub>SB</sub> and in dolphin kick with a commercial board (NO<sub>SP</sub>).      Nineteen male swimmers with mean age of 15.2±0.6 years and      affiliated with Sao Paulo Aquatic Federation participated in the present study.      The athletes were submitted a 30-s maximal effort of dolphin kick tethered      to a dynamometer with strain gages (load cells) as a primary sensor element.      The tension detected by the dynamometer due the swimmers’ efforts was amplified      by an extensometer font. The results obtained during      the efforts were sent to a computer using an interface and were stored in      a data acquisition program at 200 Hz. After these procedures, the results      were smoothed using the “butterworth” filter of fourth order with 3-Hz frequency.      Using the calibration straight line, the values were converted      into force units (N) by the Matlab 5.3 program. This conversion allowed the      determination of the dolphin kick mean force in tethered swimming (FMI<sub>NO</sub>).      Then, the swimmers performed a 15-m maximum effort of      underwater dolphin kick (NO<sub>SB</sub>) and another      25-m maximum effort of dolphin kick using a commercial board (NO<sub>SP</sub>). The relationships      between these three maximum efforts were analyzed using the Pearson’s correlation      coefficient. A significance level of 5% was chosen. The mean ± standard      deviation of&nbsp; FMI<sub>NO</sub>, NO<sub>SB</sub>      and NO<sub>SP </sub>were 53.85 ± 11.45N, 1.19 ± 0.14 m.s<sup>-1</sup>,      and 1.76 ± 0.26 m.s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The FMI<sub>NO</sub>      presented significant correlations with NO<sub>SB</sub>(r= 0.80) and NO<sub>SP </sub>(r=      0.76). According to the results of the present study, the use of      FMI<sub>NO</sub> to evaluate and predict the NO<sub>SB </sub>and NO<sub>SP</sub>      of expert’s swimmers is suggested. However, more studies are necessary to      verify the sensibility of the FMI<sub>NO</sub> to specific effects into the      swimming training.</p>             <p><i>Key-words:</i> dolphin kick; tethered swimming; force measurement.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>             <p>Texto completo      dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</p>        <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>        <p><b>Refer&ecirc;ncias Bibliogr&aacute;ficas</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>1. Bar-Or, O (1987). The Wingate Anaerobic Test: An Update on Methodology, Reliability and Validity. <i>Sports Med</i> 4:381-394.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=736562&pid=S1645-0523200700030000500001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>2. Chollet-Tourny C, Chollet D, Hogie S, Papparodopoulos C (2002). Kinematic    analysis of butterfly turns of international and national swimmers.      <p>3. Clothier PJ, McElroy GK, Blanksby BA, Payne WR (2000). A comparison and analysis of traditional and modified tumble turns by age-group swimmers. <i>J Hum Movement Stud</i> 38:93-108.</p>      <p>4. Costill DL, Kovaleski J, Portes D, Kirwan J, Fieling R, King D (1985). Energy Expenditure During Front Crawl Swimming: Predicting Succes In Midle-Distance Events. <i>Int J Sports Med</i> 6:266-270.</p>      <p>5. Hooper SL, Mackinon LT, Ginn EM (1998). Effects Of Three Tapering Techniques On The Performances Competitive Swimmers. <i>Eur J Appl Physiol</i> 78:258-263.</p>      <p>6. Hutzler Y (1998). Anaerobic fitness testing of wheelchair users. <i>Sports Méd</i>, 25:101-113. </p>      <p>7. Jacobs I, Bar-Or O, Karlsson J, Dotan R, Tesch P, Kaiser P, Inbar O (1982). Changes in muscular metabolites in females with 30-s exhaustive exercise. <i>Med Sci Sports Exerc</i> 14: 457-460. </p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>8. Lavoie JM, Leger LA, Leone M, Provencher PJ (1985). A maximal multistage swim to determine the functional and maximal aerobic power of competitive swimmers. <i>J Swimming Res</i> 1:17-22.</p>      <p>9. Lyttle AD, Blanksby BA, Elliott BC, Lloyd DG (2000). Net forces during tethered simulation of underwater streamlined gliding and kicking techniques of of the freestyle turn. <i>J Sports Sci</i> 18:801-807.</p>      <p>10. Maglischo CW, Maglischo EW, Sharp RL, Zier DJ, Katz A (1984). Tethered and nontethered crawl swimming. In: J. Terauds, K. Barthels, E. Kreighbaum, R. Mann, J. Crakes, C. A. Del Mar (Eds) Proceedings of ISBS: <i>Sports Biomechanics</i> 163-176.</p>      <p>11. Marinho PC, Andries OJr (2001). Avaliação da força propulsora do nadador: validação e reprodutibilidade de uma metodologia específica. <i>Rev Brás Ciência e Movimento</i> (supl) 79.</p>      <p>12. Martin RB, Yeater RA, White MR (1981). A simple analytical model for the crawl stroke. &nbsp;<i> </i><i>Journal of Biomechanics</i> 14:539-548.</p>      <p>13. Papoti M, Cunha SA, Martins LEB, Zagatto AM, Freitas PB, Gobatto CA (2005). Determinação da força e freqüência de braçada em nado atado utilizando sistema de aquisição de dados. In: <i>XI Congresso Brasileiro de Biodinâmica</i> 42.</p>      <p>14. Papoti M, Martins LE, Cunha SA, Zagatto AM, Gobatto CA (2007). Effects    of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week    training program.      <p>15. Papoti M, Martins LEB, Cunha SA, Zagatto AM, Gobatto CA (2003). Padronização de um protocolo específico para determinação da aptidão anaeróbia de nadadores utilizando células de carga. <i>Rev Port Ciênc Desp</i> 3:36-42. </p>      <p>16. Papoti M, Zagatto AM, Freitas PB, Cunha SA, Martins LEB, Gobatto CA (2005). Utilização do intercepto-Y na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição da performance de nadadores treinados. <i>Rev Brás Méd Esporte</i> 11 (2): 126-130.</p>      <p>17. Smith JC, Hill DW (1991). Contribution of energy systems during a Wingate power test. <i>Br J Sports Med</i> 25: 196-199. </p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>18. Smith DJ, Norris RS, e Hogg MJ (2002). Performance Evaluation of Swimmers: Scientific Tools. <i>Sports Med</i> 32;539-54.</p>      <p>19. Trappe S, Costill DL, Thomas, R (2001). Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile properties. <i>Med Sci Sports Exerc</i> 33:48-56. </p>         <p>20. Yeater RA, Martin RB, White MK, Gilson HK (1981). Tethered swimming forces    in the crawl, breast and beck strokes and their relationship to competitive    performance. <i>J Biomechanics</i> 8:527-537.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>       <p></p>        <p><b>Correspond&ecirc;ncia</b></p>       <p><b>Marcelo Papoti</b></p>        <p>Endereço Departamento de Educação Física, </p>     <p>IB, UNESP </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, </p>     <p>13506-900, Rio Claro &#8211; SP, </p>     <p>Brasil</p>        <p>e-mail: <a href="mailto:mpapoti@yahoo.com.br">mpapoti@yahoo.com.br</a></p>       <p></p>       <p></p>         ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bar-Or]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Wingate Anaerobic Test: An Update on Methodology, Reliability and Validity.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sports Med]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>381-394</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
