Elisa C. Ramos 1
Duarte L. Freitas 2
José A. Maia 3
Gaston P. Beunen 4
Albrecht L. Claessens 4
Élvio R Gouveia 2
António T. Marques 3
Martine A. Thomis 4
]]> Johan A. Lefevre 41 Secretaria Regional de Educação e Cultura, Gabinete Coordenador do Desporto Escolar, Portugal
2 Departamento de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade da Madeira, Portugal
3 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Desporto, Portugal
4 Department of Sport and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Bélgica
Resumo
O objectivo central do presente estudo consistiu em investigar a associação do meio (urbano, semi-urbano e rural) à actividade física e à aptidão na criança e no adolescente madeirense.
A amostra foi constituída por 1498 sujeitos, 758 rapazes e 740 raparigas, que participaram no ‘Estudo de Crescimento da Madeira’. A actividade física e a aptidão foram avaliadas através do questionário de Baecke e da bateria de testes motores Eurofit, respectivamente.
As crianças e adolescentes madeirenses do meio urbano apresentaram valores mais elevados de prática regular e sistemática de um ou mais desportos. Os resultados para as componentes da aptidão física não favorecem um único meio sócio-geográfico. Os rapazes do meio urbano e/ou semi-urbano foram mais proficientes na flexibilidade, força e resistência muscular, e potência, enquanto os rapazes rurais apresentaram melhores resultados na resistência aeróbia, força estática, e velocidade/agilidade. As raparigas do meio urbano e/ou semi-urbano apresentaram melhores resultados na velocidade/agilidade, enquanto as raparigas do meio rural foram mais proficientes na força estática e na força e resistência muscular.
]]> A eliminação dos diferenciais negativos na actividade física e na aptidão associados ao meio sócio-geográfico irá resultar numa melhor saúde das crianças e adolescentes madeirenses.Palavras-chave: actividade física, aptidão física, envolvimento, crianças, Portugal
Abstract
Environmental correlates of physical activity and fitness in youngsters from Madeira
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the area of residence (urban, semi-urban and rural) and physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents from Madeira island.
The sample included 1498 participants, 758 boys and 740 girls, of the ‘Madeira Growth Study’. Physical activity was assessed by means of a questionnaire and physical fitness was measured with the Eurofit test battery.
Children and adolescents from urban areas showed higher values in regular sports and activities. Results for physical fitness do not favour one socio-geographic group. Boys from urban and semi-urban area’s performed significantly better for flexibility, upper body muscular endurance, abdominal strength and power, whereas boys from the rural area performed better for aerobic endurance, static strength, running speed, agility and balance. Girls from urban and semi-urban area’s obtained better results for running speed and agility, whereas girls from rural area performed better for static strength and upper body muscular endurance.
Programmes aimed at the elimination of urban-rural differences in physical activity and fitness, associated to socio-geographic area, should focus on increasing specific fitness levels, which might result in improved health conditions of children and adolescents living in Madeira.
Key-words: physical activity, physical fitness, environment, children, Portugal
]]>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
Full text only available in PDF format.
Referências
1. AAHPERD (1988). The AAHPERD Physical Best Program. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
2. Adam C, Klissouras V, Ravassolo M, Renson R, Tuxworth W, Kemper H, Van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Beunen G, Levarlet-Joye H, Van Lierde A (1988). Eurofit. Handbook for the Eurofit Test of Physical Fitness. Rome: Council of Europe. Committee for the Development of Sport.
3. Baecke J, Burema J, Frijters J (1982). A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 36: 936-942. [ Links ]
4. Beunen G, Malina R, Van’t Hof M, Simons J, Ostyn M, Renson R, Van Gerven D (1988). Adolescent growth and motor performance. A longitudinal study of Belgian boys. HKP Sport Science Monograph Series. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
5. Beunen G, Ostyn M, Renson R, Simons J, Van Gerven D (1976). Skeletal maturation and physical fitness of girls aged 12 through 16. Hermes X: 445-457.
]]> 6. Beunen G., Ostyn M, Simons J, Renson R, Van Gerven D (1981). Chronological and biological age as related to physical fitness in boys 12 to 19 years. Ann Hum Biol 8(4): 321-331.7. Clark J, Phillips S (1985). A developmental sequence of the standing broad jump. In: Clark J, Humphrey J (eds). Motor Development, Current Selected Research. Princeton: Princeton Book Co.
8. Dollman J, Norton K, Tucker G (2002). Anthropometry, fitness and physical activity of urban and rural south Australian children. Pediatric Exercise and Science 14: 297-312.
9. Freitas D, Maia J, Beunen G, Claessens A, Thomis M, Marques A, Crespo M, Lefevre J (2007). Socio-economic status, growth, physical activity and fitness: The Madeira Growth Study. Ann Hum Biol 34: 107-122.
10. Freitas DL, Maia JA, Beunen GP, Lefevre JA, Claessens AL, Marques AT, Rodrigues AL, Silva CA, Crespo MT (2002) Crescimento somático, maturação biológica, aptidão física, actividade física e estatuto sócio-económico de crianças e adolescentes madeirenses. O Estudo de Crescimento da Madeira. Funchal: Universidade da Madeira.
11. Glanner MF (2002). Nível de atividade física e aptidão física relacionada à saúde em rapazes rurais e urbanos. Ver Paul Educ Fís 16(1): 76-85.
12. Glanner MF (2005). Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de adolescentes rurais e urbanos em relação a critérios de referência. Ver Bras Educ Fís 19(1): 13-24.
13. Gordon-Larsen, P, McMurray R, Popkin B (2000). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics 105(6): 83-95.
14. Gouveia ER, Freitas DL, Maia JA, Beunen GP, Claessens AL, Marques AT, Thomis MA, Almeida SM, Levefre JA (2007). Prevalência de excesso de peso e de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Portugal. Acta Pediátrica Portuguesa (submetido).
15. Instituto Nacional de Estatística (2004). Sistema urbano: áreas de influência e marginalidade funcional. Região Autónoma da Madeira / Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Lisboa: INE.
]]> 16. Jones H (1949). Motor performance and growth: a developmental study of static dynamometric strength. Berkeley: University of California Press.17. Kristjansdottir G, Vilhjolmsson R (2001). Sociodemographic differences in patterns of sedentary and physically active behaviour in older children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 90: 29-35.
18. Krombholz H (1997). Physical performance in relation to age, sex, social class and sports activities in kindergarten and elementary school. Perceptual and Motor Skills 84: 1168-1170.
19. Malina R (1986). Motor development and performance of children and youth in undernourished populations. In: Katch F (ed.). Sport, Health and Nutrition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 213-225.
20. Malina R, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
21. Moreno D, Vasconcelos O (2003). Motor performance and maturational status. Study in children of two different school environments (rural and urban). Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto S3(2): 163-165.
22. Özdirenç M, Ozcan A, Akin F, Gelecek N (2005). Physical fitness in rural children compared with urban children in Turkey. Pediatrics International 47(1): 26-31.
23. Peña-Reyes M, Tan S, Malina R (2003). Urban-rural in the physical fitness of school children in Oaxaca, Mexico. Ann Hum Biol 15: 800-813.
24. Philippaerts R, Matton L, Wijndaele K, Balduck A, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lefevre J (2005). Validity of a physical activity computer questionnaire in 12- to 18-year-old boys and girls. Int J Sports Med 26: 1-6.
25. Renson R, Beunen G, De Witte L, Ostyn M, Simons J, Van Gerven e D (1980). The social spectrum of the physical fitness of 12 to 19 year-old boys. In: Ostyn M, Beunen G, Simons J (eds). Kinanthropometry II. International Series on Sport Sciences. Baltimore: University Park Press. 9: 105-118.
]]> 26. Renson R, Beunen G, Ostyn M, Simons J, Swalus P, Van Gerven D (1978). Social differentiation of physical fitness of preadolescent Belgian boys. In: Shephard R, Lavallée H (eds). Physical Fitness Assessment. Principles, Practice and Application. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 248-256.27. Rodrigues L, Bezerra P, Saraiva L (2005). Influência do meio (urbano e rural) no padrão de aptidão física de rapazes de Viana do Castelo, Portugal. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto 5(1): 77-84.
28. Rutenfranz J, Lange Andersen K, Seliger V, Masironi R (1982). Health standards in terms of exercise fitness of school Children in urban and rural areas in various european countries. Annals of Clinical Research 14: S33- 36.
29. Safrit, M (1990). The validity and reliability of fitness tests for children: a review. Pediatric Exercise Science 2(1): 9-28.
30. Sallis J, Hovell M, Hofstetter C, Elder J, Hackley M, Caspersen C, Powell K (1990). Distance between homes and exercise facilities related to frequency of exercise among San Diego residents. Public Health Rep 105(2): 179-185.
31. Sallis J, Zakarian J, Hovell M, Hofstetter C (1996). Ethnic, socioeconomic, and sex differences in physical activity among adolescents. J Clin Epidemiol 49(2): 125-134.
32. SAS Institute (1990). SAS/STAT User's Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
33. Seabra AF, Maia JA, Mendonça DM, Thomis MA, Caspersen CJ, Fulton JE (2008). Age and sex differences in physical activity of Portuguese adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 65-70.
34. Seabra AF, Mendonça DM, Thomis MA, Malina RM, Maia JA (2007). Sports participation among Portuguese youth 10 to 18 years. Journal of physical Activity and Health 4: 370-380.
35. Silva M, Sobral F, Malina R (2003). Determinância sociogeográfica da prática desportiva na adolescência. Coimbra: Centro de Estudos do Desporto Infanto-Juvenil, Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.
]]> 36. Taks M, Renson R, Beunen G, Claessens A, Colla M, Lefevre J, Ostyn M, Schueremans C, Simons J, Van Gerven D, Vanreusel B (1991). Sociogeographic variation in the physical fitness of a cross-sectional sample of Flemish girls 13 to 18 years of age. Am J Human Biol 3(5): 503-513.37. Tamura Y (1975). Physical fitness of rural adolescents. In: Asahina K, Shigiya R (eds). Human adaptability, vol. 4. Physiological adaptability and nutritional status of the Japanese. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 50–61.
38. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Cameron N, Marshall WA, Healy MJ, Goldstein H (1983). Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height (TW2 Method). Oxford: Academic Press Inc. Ltd.
39. Vasconcelos MA, Maia J (2001). Actividade física de crianças e jovens – haverá um declínio? Estudo transversal em indivíduos dos dois sexos dos 10 aos 19 anos de idade. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto 1: 44-52.
40. Wilczewski A, Salad M, Krawczyk B, Saczuk J, Majle B (1996). Physical development and fitness of children from urban and rural areas as determined by the EUROFIT test battery. Biology Sport 13: 113-126.
CORREPONDÊNCIA
Duarte Luís de Freitas
Universidade da Madeira, Departamento de Educação Física e Desporto
Campus Universitário da Penteada
]]> 9000-390 FunchalPortugal-Madeira
Tel.291 705332 Fax.291 705339
E-mail:dfreitas@uma.pt
]]>