<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-3794</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cadernos de Estudos Africanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cadernos de Estudos Africanos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-3794</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudos Internacionais do ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-37942021000200147</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4000/cea.6644</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[FOR US, WOMEN ARE SACRED: GENDER AND CONFLICT IN THE CASAMANCE]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[PARA NÓS, A MULHER É SAGRADA: GÉNERO E CONFLITO NA CASAMANSA]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Markus]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies (BICC)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bonn ]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>42</numero>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>172</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-37942021000200147&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-37942021000200147&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-37942021000200147&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The paper examines the changes of gender relations and power inequalities in a context of nearly forty years intermittent war. It shows that gender roles have been both changing and consolidating during the conflict. Furthermore, analysis reveals a multipolar instead of a bipolar local conceptualisation of gender. Social youth differs from breadwinners on the male and mothers on the female side. The conflict has catalysed the development of new social positions for women (cheffe de ménage), new pathways to achieve social adulthood for men (combattant), reinforced customary gender relations (workload, role in the community), but it also thwarted gendered synergies in the traditional division of labour (breadwinner, childcare); being one of the contested ideological values, the conflict has finally - with certain exceptions - rather reinforced than weakened the protection of women against SGBV.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O artigo examina as mudanças nas relações de género e nas desigualdades de poder num contexto de quase quarenta anos de guerra intermitente, demonstrando como os papéis de género foram mudando e consolidando-se durante o conflito. Além disso, a análise revela uma conceptualização local multipolar - e não bipolar - de género. A juventude social difere do modelo de ganha-pão do lado masculino e do modelo da maternidade do lado feminino. O conflito catalisou o desenvolvimento de novas posições sociais para as mulheres (cheffe de ménage), de novos caminhos para atingir a idade adulta social para os homens (combattant), reforçou as relações costumeiras de género (carga de trabalho, papel na comunidade), mas também frustrou sinergias de género na divisão tradicional do trabalho (ganha-pão, cuidado com crianças); sendo um dos valores ideológicos contestados, o conflito, finalmente - com algumas exceções - reforçou mais do que enfraqueceu a proteção das mulheres contra a violência sexual e de género.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Casamance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conflict]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender-based violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Senegal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Casamansa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[conflito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência baseada no género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Senegal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mudança social]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abramowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International human rights, gender-based violence, and local discourses of abuse in postconflict Liberia: A problem of &#8220;culture&#8221;?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Studies Review]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>119-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Agence France-Presse</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two children among six killed by old landmine in Senegal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Amnesty International</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Senegal: Climate of terror in Casamance.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Author]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ANSD (Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Enquête démographique et de santé à indicateurs multiples - Sénégal 2010-2011]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Shrines, medicines, and the strength of the head: The way of the warrior among the Diola of Senegambia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Numen]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>274-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Shrines of the slave trade: Diola religion and society in precolonial Senegambia]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le conflit en Casamance: Les influences ethnico-religieuses]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conflit et paix en Casamance. Dynamiques locales et transfrontalières]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gorée Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Bombardement de positions rebelles en Casamance</collab>
<source><![CDATA[leral.net]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rethinking &#8216;rape as a weapon of war&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Feminist Legal Studies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>145-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buvinic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casabonne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender, poverty and demography: An overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The World Bank Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>347-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Security Dialogue]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>83-103</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Casamance: trois femmes blessées lors de bombardements aériens</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Seneweb News]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crenshaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>785-810</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ripe or rotting: Civil society in the Casamance conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>153-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Có]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le débordement du conflit de Casamance en Guinée-Bissau: La question des réfugiés]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conflit et paix en Casamance. Dynamiques locales et transfrontalières]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>76-89</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Gorée Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coulter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bush wives and girl soldiers. Women&#8217;s lives through war and peace in Sierra Leone]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornell University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crenshaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[On intersectionality: Essential writings.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The New Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darbon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[L&#8217;administration et le paysan en Casamance: Essai d&#8217;anthropologie administrative]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[A. Pedone]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Jong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The making of a Jola identity: Jola inventing their past and future]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Popular culture: Beyond historical legacy and political innocence. Proceedings of CERES/CNWS Summer School 1994]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>133-50</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[CERES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dellenborg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From pain to virtue: Clitoridectomy and other ordeals in the creation of a female person]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlyter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Body politics and women citizens. African experiences]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>93-101</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sida Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Des éléments armés s&#8217;attaquent au cantonnement militaire de Goudomp</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Seneweb News]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stratégie d&#8217;actions de plaidoyer des femmes de la Casamance pour la relance du processus de paix et la fin de la violence faite aux femmes]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Procas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diedhiou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les mécanismes traditionnels de résolution des conflits: Le rôle des femmes des bois sacrés dans la résolution du conflit de Casamance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the African Futures Conference]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>63-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dramé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Planting the seeds of Islam. Karantaba, a Mandinka Muslim center in the Casamance, Senegal]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Illinois at Chicago]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The mask of anarchy]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[New York University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ni paix ni guerre&#8217;: The political economy of low-level conflict in the Casamance]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Department of Geography, King&#8217;s College London]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sénégal: Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC)]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Royal Institute of International Affairs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historiographies, nationalisms and conflict in Casamance, Senegal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contesting historical divides in Francophone Africa]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>93-119</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[University of Chester Press ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Displacement in Casamance, Senegal: Lessons (hopefully) learned, 2000-2019]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>635-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[L&#8217;instrumentalisation de l&#8217;histoire et de l&#8217;ethnicité dans le discours séparatiste en Basse Casamance (Sénégal)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Africa Spectrum]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>65-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les &#8216;évolués&#8217;, la migration, l&#8217;école: Pour une nouvelle interprétation de la naissance du nationalisme casamançais]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diop]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Le Sénégal contemporain]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>375-424</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Karthala]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La guerre des dieux? Religions et séparatisme en Basse Casamance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of African Studies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>361-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les relations hommes-femmes et la formation de l&#8217;identité casamançaise]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cahiers d&#8217;études africaines]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<month>b</month>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>178</numero>
<issue>178</issue>
<page-range>431-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance: The illusion of separatism in Senegal?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vries]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Englebert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schomerus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Secessionism in African politics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>265-92</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Awenengo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les sciences sociales face au conflit casamançais. Quelques résultats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Gazette]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Girard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genèse du pouvoir charismatique en Basse Casamance (Sénégal)]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institut Fondamental d&#8217;Afrique Noire (IFAN)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gueye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parcours d&#8217;insertion socioprofessionnelle de réfugiés du conflit casamançais dans les pays limitrophes: Gambie et Guinée-Bissau]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conflit et paix en Casamance. Dynamiques locales et transfrontalières]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>198-213</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Gorée Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellerström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women, peace and Casamance. A field study of how women organisations in Casamance, Senegal are working for peace]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sweden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lund University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The war machines: Young men and violence in Sierra Leone and Liberia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Senegal]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IRIN News</collab>
<source><![CDATA[No end in sight to Casamance conflict]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joffroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les coutumes des Diola du Fogny (Casamance)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin du Comité d&#8217;études historiques et scientifiques de l&#8217;Afrique occidentale française]]></source>
<year>1920</year>
<page-range>181-92</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Larose]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Peace and security: Women&#8217;s leadership in conflict prevention and resolution in the Sahel Region]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Diola of Senegal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of African History]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>567-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kouassigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[L&#8217;homme et la terre: Droits fonciers coutumiers et droit de propriété en Afrique occidentale]]></source>
<year>1936</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Orstom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence and the war of words: Ethnicity v. nationalism in the Casamance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Africa: Journal of the International African Institute]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>585-602</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Have Jola women found a way to resist patriarchy with commodities? (Senegal , West Africa)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>85-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Le Mémorandum qui attend les candidats à la présidentielle</collab>
<source><![CDATA[SudOnLine]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of the Mandinka in the Islamization of the Casamance, 1850-1901]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hodge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Papers on the Manding]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<page-range>227-48</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deferring to trade in slaves: The Jola of Casamance, Senegal , in historical perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History in Africa]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>113-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kuseek and Kuriimen: Wives and kinswomen in Jola society]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>472-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Power, prayer, and production: The Jola of Casamance, Senegal]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From past to future agricultural expertise in Africa: Jola women of Senegal expand market-gardening]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
<page-range>21074-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When Jola granaries were full]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coclanis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fields-Black]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schafer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rice: Global networks and new histories]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>229-44</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mané]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Engagement pour la paix en Casamance: La Plateforme des femmes exige l&#8217;audition de Wade et de Macky Sall]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Le Quotidien]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Casamance dans l&#8217;histoire contemporaine du Sénégal]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[L&#8217;Harmattan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and religious change among the Diola of Boulouf (Casamance), 1890-1940: Trade, cash cropping and Islam in southwestern Senegal]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban migration, cash cropping, and calamity: The spread of Islam among the Diola of Boulouf (Senegal ), 1900-1940]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Studies Review]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A cultural, economic, and religious history of the Basse Casamance since 1500]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Franz Steiner Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les racines mondiales du particularisme casamançais]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of African Studies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>313-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Le conflit de Casamance. Ce que disent les armes]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Karthala]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rape in contemporary warfare. The role of globalization in wartime sexual violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Conflict &amp; Peacebuilding Review]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>100-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.-L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ombres et lumière d&#8217;une expansion linguistique. Les attitudes des Diola et des Peul d&#8217;Oussouye à l&#8217;égard du wolof]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Langage et société]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>63-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nugent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Putting the history back into ethnicity: Enslavement, religion, and cultural brokerage in the construction of Mandinka/Jola and Ewe/Agotime identities in West Africa, c. 1650-1930]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>920-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osemeka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The public sphere, women and the Casamance peace process]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNILAGSpace]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pélissier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Les Diola: Étude sur l&#8217;habitat des riziculteurs de Basse-Casamance]]></source>
<year>1958</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Karthala]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pélissier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Les paysans du Sénégal: Les civilisations agraires du Cayor à la Casamance]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fabrègue]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Challenging the classical parameters of &#8220;doing host-refugee politics&#8221;: The case of Casamance refugees in The Gambia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Højbjerg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knörr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politics and policies in Upper Guinea Coast societies: Change and continuity]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>53-75</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave MacMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Histoire de la Casamance. Conquête et résistance: 1850-1920]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Karthala]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Integrating conflict: Assessing a thirty years war]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identity beyond ID: Diaspora within the nation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knörr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Upper Guinea Coast in global perspective]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>95-115</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Berghahn Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Casamance secession: National narratives of marginalization and integration]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Højbjerg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knörr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politics and policies in Upper Guinea Coast societies: Change and continuity]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>187-202</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave MacMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salichs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Masculinities in conflict in Casamance]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Free-eBooks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sapir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kujaama: Symbolic separation among the Diola-Fogny]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Anthropologist]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1330-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction: Identification in violent settings and situations of rapid change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Africa]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>333-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Land law and economic change in ruralSenegal : Diola pledge transactions and disputes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social anthropology and law]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>111-157</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sverdlov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rape in war: Prosecuting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Boko Haram for sexual violence against women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cornell International Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>333-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.-V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Les Diola. Essai d&#8217;analyse fonctionnelle sur une population de Basse-Casamance]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute français d&#8217;Afrique noire (IFAN)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisiting mandingization in coastal Gambia and Casamance (Senegal ). Four approaches to ethnic change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Africa n Studies Review]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>95-121</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turshen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Twagiramariya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What women do in wartime. Gender and conflict in Africa]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[2009 Human Rights Report: Senegal .]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[2010 Human Rights Report: Senegal]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
