<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-4464</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Gestão dos Países de Língua Portuguesa]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Portuguesa e Brasileira de Gestão]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-4464</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INDEG-IUL - ISCTE Executive Education ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-44642007000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Determinantes da remuneração nas empresas portuguesas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Determinants of remunerations within Portuguese firms]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Factores en la remuneración en las empresas portuguesas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esperança]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Paulo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Dias]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Tomar Escola Superior de Gestão de Tomar ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISCTE - Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISCTE - Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa AUDAX ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>62</fpage>
<lpage>80</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-44642007000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-44642007000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-44642007000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A análise e explicação das determinantes das diversas formas de remuneração em Portugal são o principal objectivo deste trabalho. Apesar da existência de diversos estudos sobre remunerações, até agora não foram desenvolvidos estudos sobre quais as determinantes explicativas da realidade empresarial. Este estudo identifica o conjunto de características das empresas e dos colaboradores que explicam o montante e a probabilidade de auferir remuneração variável e quais as determinantes da remuneração base, comparando-se os dois modelos através do «colaborador padrão». Os resultados mostram que a remuneração variável é mais utilizada nos níveis hierárquicos superiores, na área comercial, em empresas de menor dimensão, em filiais de empresas estrangeiras e para colaboradores com educação superior. Quanto à rendibilidade, os resultados revelam uma relação positiva com a probabilidade de existência de remuneração variável. No entanto, os montantes de remuneração variável são mais elevados nas empresas com menor rendibilidade.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The main purpose of this work is the inquiry and explanation of the determinants of the different forms of remuneration in Portugal. Although the existence of several studies on remuneration, so far it had not been presented studies shedding light on which determinants firms stand for their pay practices. This study identifies the set of characteristics of the companies and collaborators that explain the amount and the probability to have variable remuneration and which the determinants are of base pay, using a &#8216;standard collaborator&#8217; for comparison. The results reveal that variable remuneration is more common in top levels, in the commercial area, in small companies, affiliates of foreign companies (but with inferior amounts) and for collaborators with higher levels of education.Concerning profitability, there is a positive relation with the probability of existence of variable remuneration. However, the values of variable remuneration are higher in lower profitable companies.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El análisis y explicación de los factores en las diferentes formas de remuneración en Portugal son el principal objetivo de este trabajo. No obstante la existencia de varios estudios sobre remuneraciones, hasta la fecha no han sido desarrollados estudios sobre los factores explicativos de la realidad empresarial. Este estudio identifica el conjunto de características de las empresas y de sus colaboradores que revelan el valor y la probabilidad de recibir una remuneración variable y cuales los factores determinantes de la remuneración base, comparándose los dos modelos a través del &#8220;colaborador-padrón&#8221;. Los resultados muestran que la remuneración variable es mas utilizada en los niveles hieraquicos superiores, en el área comercial, en empresas de menor dimensión, en filiales de empresas extranjeras y para colaboradores con educación superior. Relativamente a la rentabilidad, los resultados revelan una relación positiva con la probabilidad de existencia de remuneración variable. Sin embargo, los valores de remuneración variable son más elevados en las empresas de menor rentabilidad.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Remuneração Variável]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Teoria da Agência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Mercado Interno de Trabalho]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Modelo Tobit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Variable Compensation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agency Theory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Internal Labour Market]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tobit Model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Remuneración Variable]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Teoria de la Agencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Marcado Interno del Trabajo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Modelo Tobit]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><b>Determinantes da remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o nas empresas portuguesas </b>  </p>     <p>Carlos Duarte<sup><a name="top1" id="top1"></a><a href="#1">1</a></sup>, Jos&eacute;    Paulo Esperan&ccedil;a<sup><a href="#2">2</a></sup><a name="top2" id="top2"></a>    e Jos&eacute; Dias Curto<sup><a href="#3">3</a><a name="top3" id="top3"></a></sup></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>RESUMO: </b>A an&aacute;lise e explica&ccedil;&atilde;o das determinantes    das diversas formas de remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o em Portugal s&atilde;o o principal    objectivo deste trabalho. Apesar da exist&ecirc;ncia de diversos estudos sobre    remunera&ccedil;&otilde;es, at&eacute; agora n&atilde;o foram desenvolvidos    estudos sobre quais as determinantes explicativas da realidade empresarial.    Este estudo identifica o conjunto de caracter&iacute;sticas das empresas e dos    colaboradores que explicam o montante e a probabilidade de auferir remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o    vari&aacute;vel e quais as determinantes da remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o base,    comparando-se os dois modelos atrav&eacute;s do &laquo;colaborador padr&atilde;o&raquo;.    Os resultados mostram que a remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o vari&aacute;vel &eacute;    mais utilizada nos n&iacute;veis hier&aacute;rquicos superiores, na &aacute;rea    comercial, em empresas de menor dimens&atilde;o, em filiais de empresas estrangeiras    e para colaboradores com educa&ccedil;&atilde;o superior. Quanto &agrave; rendibilidade,    os resultados revelam uma rela&ccedil;&atilde;o positiva com a probabilidade    de exist&ecirc;ncia de remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o vari&aacute;vel. No entanto,    os montantes de remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o vari&aacute;vel s&atilde;o mais elevados    nas empresas com menor rendibilidade.</p>     <p>Palavras-chave: Remunera&ccedil;&atilde;o Vari&aacute;vel, Teoria da Ag&ecirc;ncia,    Mercado Interno de Trabalho, Modelo Tobit </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>TITLE:</b> Determinants of remunerations within Portuguese firms</p>     <p>   <b>ABSTRACT: </b>The main purpose of this work is the inquiry and    explanation of the determinants of the different forms of remuneration in Portugal.    Although the existence of several studies on remuneration, so far it had not    been presented studies shedding light on which determinants firms stand for    their pay practices. This study identifies the set of characteristics of the    companies and collaborators that explain the amount and the probability to have    variable remuneration and which the determinants are of base pay, using a &lsquo;standard    collaborator&rsquo; for comparison. The results reveal that variable remuneration    is more common in top levels, in the commercial area, in small companies, affiliates    of foreign companies (but with inferior amounts) and for collaborators with    higher levels of education.Concerning profitability, there is a positive relation    with the probability of existence of variable remuneration. However, the values    of variable remuneration are higher in lower profitable companies.</p>     <p> Key words:Variable Compensation, Agency Theory, Internal Labour Market, Tobit    Model</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>TITULO: </b>Factores en la remuneraci&oacute;n en las empresas    portuguesas</p>     <p> <b>RESUMEN:</b> El an&aacute;lisis y explicaci&oacute;n de los factores    en las diferentes formas de remuneraci&oacute;n en Portugal son el principal    objetivo de este trabajo. No obstante la existencia de varios estudios sobre    remuneraciones, hasta la fecha no han sido desarrollados estudios sobre los    factores explicativos de la realidad empresarial. Este estudio identifica el    conjunto de caracter&iacute;sticas de las empresas y de sus colaboradores que    revelan el valor y la probabilidad de recibir una remuneraci&oacute;n variable    y cuales los factores determinantes de la remuneraci&oacute;n base, compar&aacute;ndose    los dos modelos a trav&eacute;s del &ldquo;colaborador-padr&oacute;n&rdquo;.    Los resultados muestran que la remuneraci&oacute;n variable es mas utilizada    en los niveles hieraquicos superiores, en el &aacute;rea comercial, en empresas    de menor dimensi&oacute;n, en filiales de empresas extranjeras y para colaboradores    con educaci&oacute;n superior. Relativamente a la rentabilidad, los resultados    revelan una relaci&oacute;n positiva con la probabilidad de existencia de remuneraci&oacute;n    variable. Sin embargo, los valores de remuneraci&oacute;n variable son m&aacute;s    elevados en las empresas de menor rentabilidad.</p>     <p>Palabras clave: Remuneraci&oacute;n Variable, Teoria de la Agencia, Marcado    Interno del Trabajo, Modelo Tobit</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Refer&ecirc;ncias bibliogr&aacute;ficas</b></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p>   ABOWD, John M. e KAPLAN, David S. (1999), &laquo;Executive compensation: six    questions that need answering&raquo;. Journal of EconomicPerspectives, vol.    33, pp. 145-168.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000023&pid=S1645-4464200700030000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <p>AGGARWAL, Rajesh K. e SAMWICK, Andrew A. (2003),&laquo;Performance incentives    within firms: the effect of managerial responsibility&raquo;. Journal of Political    Economy, vol. 107, pp. 65-105.</p>     <p>BAKER, George; JENSEN, Michael C. e MURPHY, Kevin J. (1988),&laquo;Compensation    and incentives: practice vs. theory&raquo;. Journal of Finance, vol. XLIII (3),    pp. 593-616.</p>     <p>BALKIN, D. e G&Oacute;MEZ-MEJIA, L. (1987), &laquo;Towards a contingency theory    of compensation strategy&raquo;. Strategic Management Journal, no. 3, pp. 153-169.</p>     <p>BEBCHUK, Lucian; FRIED, Jesse M. e Walker, D. (2002), &laquo;Managerial power    and rent extraction in the design of executive compensation&raquo;. University    of Chicago Law Review, no. 69, pp. 751-846.</p>     <p>BEBCHUK, Lucian Arye e FRIED, Jesse M. (2003), &laquo;Executive compensation    as an agency problem&raquo;. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 17, no.    3, Ver&atilde;o, pp. 71-92.</p>     <p>BEBCHUK, Lucian Arye e FRIED, Jesse M. (2004), Pay without Performance &ndash;    The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation. Harvard University Press.</p>     <p>BOOTH, A. e FRANK, J. (1999), &laquo;Earnings, productivity and performance    related pay&raquo;. Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 447-463.</p>     <p>CALVO, G. e WELLISZ, S. (1979), &laquo;Supervision, loss of control and the    optimum size of the firm&raquo;. Journal of Political Economy, no.48, pp. 943-952.</p>     ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<p>MURPHY, Kevin (1999), &laquo;Executive compensation&raquo;. In Handbook of    Labor Economics. Orley Ashenfelter and Davids Card, eds. North Holland, pp.    2485-2563.</p>     <p>MURPHY, Kevin (2002), &laquo;Explaining executive compensation: managerial    power vs. the perceived cost of stock options&raquo;.University of Chicago Law    Review, Ver&atilde;o.</p>     <p>ORT&Iacute;N-&Aacute;NGEL, Pedro e SALAS-FUM&Aacute;S, Vicente (1998), &laquo;Agency-theory    and internal-labor-market explanations of bonus payments: empirical evidence    from Spanish firms&raquo;. Journal of Economics &amp; Management Strategy, vol.    7, no. 4, Inverno, pp. 573-613.</p>     <p>PFEFFER, Jeffrey (1998), &laquo;Six dangerous myths about pay&raquo;.Harvard    Business Review, Maio-Junho, pp. 109-119.</p>     <p>ROSEN, S. (1982), &laquo;Authority, control and the distribution of earnings&raquo;.Bell    Journal of Economics, vol. 13, pp. 311-323.</p>     <p>ROTH, K. e O&rsquo;DONNELL, S. (1996), &laquo;Foreign subsidiary compensation    strategy: an agency theory perspective&raquo;. Academy of Management Journal,    vol. 39, pp. 678-703.</p>     <p>SCOTT, Dow (2003), &laquo;Linking compensation and organization effectiveness    &ndash; New World; proven tools&raquo;. Loyola University, WorldData Work, The    Professional Association for Compensation, Benefitsand Total Rewards, Maio 13.</p>     <p>SMITH, C. e WATTS, R. (1984), &laquo;The structure of executive compensation    contracts and the control of management&raquo;. WorkingPaper, University of    Rochester, Rochester, NY.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><sup><a href="#top1">1</a><a name="1" id="1"></a></sup>Carlos Duarte </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><a href="mailto:cduarte@ipt.pt">cduarte@ipt.pt</a></p>     <p>Doutorado em Gest&atilde;o na especialidade de Finan&ccedil;as (ISCTE, 2006)    &eacute; Professor Coordenador na Escola Superior de Gest&atilde;o de Tomar,    do Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico de Tomar.</p>     <p> PhD in Management (ISCTE, 2006), is coordinator professor in Management at    Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico de Tomar (IPT).</p>     <p>Doctor en gesti&oacute;n en la especialidad de Finanzas (ISCTE, 2006) es Profesor    Coordinador en la Escola Superior de Gest&atilde;o de Tomar, del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico    de Tomar.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><sup><a href="#top2">2</a><a name="2" id="2"></a></sup>Jos&eacute; Paulo Esperan&ccedil;a</p>     <p> <a href="mailto:jose.esperanca@iscte.pt">jose.esperanca@iscte.pt</a></p>     <p> Doutorado em Economia (Instituto Universit&aacute;rio Europeu, 1993) &eacute;    professor catedr&aacute;tico de Finan&ccedil;as do ISCTE e professor encarregado    de miss&atilde;o com o pelouro da internacionaliza&ccedil;&atilde;o junto da    Presid&ecirc;ncia do ISCTE e presidente do AUDAX.</p>     <p>PhD in Economics (European University Institute, 1993), is full professor in    Finance at ISCTE, head of ISCTE internationalization unit and AUDAX &ndash;    entrepreneurship and family business centre.</p>     <p>Doctor en econom&iacute;a (Instituto Universit&aacute;rio Europeu, 1993) es    profesor catedr&aacute;tico en Finanzas del ISCTE y profesor encargado de la    misi&oacute;n con la internacionalizaci&oacute;n adjunto a la Presidencia del    ISCTE y presidente del AUDAX.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><sup><a href="#top3">3</a></sup><a name="3" id="3"></a>Jos&eacute; Dias Curto</p>     <p> <a href="mailto:dias.curto@iscte.pt">dias.curto@iscte.pt</a></p>     <p>Doutorado em Gest&atilde;o na especialidade de M&eacute;todos de Quantitativos    (ISCTE, 2003) &eacute; professor auxiliar e director do Mestrado em Gest&atilde;o    do ISCTE.</p>     <p>PhD in Quantitative Methods for Management (ISCTE Business School, 2003). Assistant    Professor at ISCTE and director of the MSc in Management.</p>     <p>Doctor en gesti&oacute;n en la especialidad de M&eacute;todos de Cuantitativos    (ISCTE, 2003) es profesor auxiliar y director del mestrado en gesti&oacute;n    del ISCTE.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><em>Recebido em Novembro de 2006 e aceite em Setembro de 2007</em></p>     <p><em>Received in November 2006 and accepted in September 2007</em></p>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ABOWD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KAPLAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Executive compensation: six questions that need answering]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of EconomicPerspectives]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>145-168</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
