<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-7250</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Lusófona de Educação]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Lusófona de Educação]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-7250</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudos e Intervenção em Educação e Formação (CeiEF)Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-72502006000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A Identidade do Ensino Superior: a Educação Superior e a Universidade]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Identity of Higher Education: higher education and the university]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[António M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundação das Universidades Portuguesas (FUP) Centro de Investigação de Políticas do Ensino Superior (CIPES) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>7</numero>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-72502006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-72502006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-72502006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A de&#64257;nição de uma ‘ideia’ de educação superior parece ser uma tarefa que alguns pós-modernistas lançam de&#64257;nitivamente para o caixote do lixo da história. Produto, por excelência, da modernidade, e no cruzamento dos modelos humboldtiano, napoleónico e de Oxbridge, a educação superior, tal como a herdámos, era centrada no conhecimento,isto é,na sua produção (investigação), na sua distribuição (ensino) e na sua difusão pelo corpo social (função de serviço à sociedade). O conhecimento e o seu manuseamento de&#64257;niam não só a missão institucional como a natureza das organizações consagradas ao ensino superior. A estes elementos componentes da ‘ideia’ de educação superior foram incorporados outros igualmente estruturantes: a funcionalidade destas instituições em relação à consolidação e desenvolvimento do Estado-nação. Os quadros necessários ao funcionamento e estrutura do aparelho de Estado encontravam nas universidades e noutros institutos de ensino superior o lugar privilegiado para a sua formação. O que este artigo pretende argumentar é que,num contexto em que a produção, a distribuição e a difusão do conhecimento se transformam, em que a globalização/localização intensi&#64257;ca - sobretudo na Europa - a fragilidade das instâncias nacionais e em que o processo de massi&#64257;cação e de democratização do acesso ao ensino superior o conduzem a outro modelo sociológico que não o de origem,a educação superior está a viver uma identidade esquizóide: educação terciária, pós-secundária, educação fundada na investigação, educação vocacional, etc. Esta situação requer um esforço de re&#64258;exividade que, ao mesmo tempo que recusa a procura essencialista de uma ‘ideia’ de ensino superior, enfatiza a necessidade de promover uma perspectiva de educação que não soçobre ao pobre paradigma da adaptabilidade, segundo o qual o critério de utilidade de uma dada instituição é directamente proporcional à sua capacidade de sobreviver às mudanças operadas no seu ambiente organizacional.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Higher education is a product of modernity, built in the crossroad of the Humboldtian model, the Napoleonic model and the Oxbridge model. Higher education, as we know it, was centred in the handling of knowledge, i.e., in its production (research) in its distribution (teaching) and in its dissemination across society (service to community). Knowledge and its handling defined not only the institutional mission, but also the nature of higher education organizations. To these components of the ‘idea’ of higher education, others equally important elements were added: the role of higher education institutions in the consolidation and development of the nation-state. The cadres necessary to the functioning of the state apparatus found in the universities a privileged place for their training. This paper argues that in a context in which the production, distribution and dissemination of knowledge are changing, a context in which globalization/localization processes erode - mainly in Europe - the national level, and a context in which massification and democratization of access to higher education induce sociological patterns different from the originals, higher education itself is assuming a schizo identity: tertiary education, post-secondary education, research-driven higher education, vocational higher education, etc. This situation demands increased reflexivity, by simultaneously refusing an essentialist approach to the ‘idea’ to higher education and stressing the need to promote educational perspectives not reducible to its adaptability, i.e., refusing the framework of a paradigm in which the criterion of an institution legitimacy is proportional to their survival capacity in an ever changing environment]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ensino superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[modernidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[identidade]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p    ><b>A Identidade do Ensino Superior: a Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o Superior e a Universidade</B></p >     <p   > Ant&oacute;nio M. Magalh&atilde;es <sup><a href="#1">*</a><a name="top1"></a></sup></p >     <P   >A de&#64257;ni&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma &lsquo;ideia&rsquo; de educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    superior parece ser uma tarefa que alguns p&oacute;s-modernistas lan&ccedil;am    de&#64257;nitivamente para o caixote do lixo da hist&oacute;ria. Produto, por    excel&ecirc;ncia, da modernidade, e no cruzamento dos modelos humboldtiano,    napole&oacute;nico e de Oxbridge, a educa&ccedil;&atilde;o superior, tal como    a herd&aacute;mos, era centrada no conhecimento,isto &eacute;,na sua produ&ccedil;&atilde;o    (investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o), na sua distribui&ccedil;&atilde;o (ensino) e na    sua difus&atilde;o pelo corpo social (fun&ccedil;&atilde;o de servi&ccedil;o    &agrave; sociedade). O conhecimento e o seu manuseamento de&#64257;niam n&atilde;o    s&oacute; a miss&atilde;o institucional como a natureza das organiza&ccedil;&otilde;es    consagradas ao ensino superior. </P >     <P   >A estes elementos componentes da &lsquo;ideia&rsquo; de educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    superior foram incorporados outros igualmente estruturantes: a funcionalidade    destas institui&ccedil;&otilde;es em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; consolida&ccedil;&atilde;o    e desenvolvimento do Estado-na&ccedil;&atilde;o. Os quadros necess&aacute;rios    ao funcionamento e estrutura do aparelho de Estado encontravam nas universidades    e noutros institutos de ensino superior o lugar privilegiado para a sua forma&ccedil;&atilde;o.  </P >     <P   >O que este artigo pretende argumentar &eacute; que,num contexto em que a produ&ccedil;&atilde;o,    a distribui&ccedil;&atilde;o e a difus&atilde;o do conhecimento se transformam,    em que a globaliza&ccedil;&atilde;o/localiza&ccedil;&atilde;o intensi&#64257;ca    &ndash; sobretudo na Europa &ndash; a fragilidade das inst&acirc;ncias nacionais    e em que o processo de massi&#64257;ca&ccedil;&atilde;o e de democratiza&ccedil;&atilde;o    do acesso ao ensino superior o conduzem a outro modelo sociol&oacute;gico que    n&atilde;o o de origem,a educa&ccedil;&atilde;o superior est&aacute; a viver    uma identidade esquiz&oacute;ide: educa&ccedil;&atilde;o terci&aacute;ria, p&oacute;s-secund&aacute;ria,    educa&ccedil;&atilde;o fundada na investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o, educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    vocacional, etc. Esta situa&ccedil;&atilde;o requer um esfor&ccedil;o de re&#64258;exividade    que, ao mesmo tempo que recusa a procura essencialista de uma &lsquo;ideia&rsquo;    de ensino superior, enfatiza a necessidade de promover uma perspectiva de educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    que n&atilde;o so&ccedil;obre ao pobre paradigma da adaptabilidade, segundo    o qual o crit&eacute;rio de utilidade de uma dada institui&ccedil;&atilde;o    &eacute; directamente proporcional &agrave; sua capacidade de sobreviver &agrave;s    mudan&ccedil;as operadas no seu ambiente organizacional. </P >     <P   ><b>Palavras-chave</b>: ensino superior, modernidade, identidade. </P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P   ><b>The Identity of Higher Education: higher education and the university </b></P >     <P   >Higher education is a product of modernity, built in the crossroad of the Humboldtian    model, the Napoleonic model and the Ox&#65453;bridge model. Higher education,    as we know it, was centred in the handling of knowledge, i.e., in its production    (research) in its distribution (teaching) and in its dissemination across society    (service to community). Knowledge and its handling defined not only the institutional    mission, but also the nature of higher education organizations. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >To these components of the &lsquo;idea&rsquo; of higher education, others equally    important elements were added: the role of higher education institutions in    the consolidation and development of the nation-state. The cadres necessary    to the functioning of the state apparatus found in the universities a privileged    place for their training. </P >     <P    >This paper argues that in a context in which the production, distribution and    dissemination of knowledge are changing, a context in which globalization/localization    processes erode &ndash; mainly in Europe &ndash; the national level, and a context    in which massification and democratization of access to higher education induce    sociological patterns different from the originals, higher education itself    is assuming a schizo identity: tertiary education, post-secondary education,    research-driven higher education, vocational higher education, etc. This situation    demands increased reflexivity, by simultaneously refusing an essentialist approach    to the &lsquo;idea&rsquo; to higher education and stressing the need to promote    educational perspectives not reducible to its adaptability, i.e., refusing the    framework of a paradigm in which the criterion of an institution legitimacy    is proportional to their survival capacity in an ever changing environment </P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P    >Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P >     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.    <br> </p>     <P    >&nbsp;</P >     <P    >&nbsp; </P >           <P    ><b>Refer&ecirc;ncias Bibliogr&aacute;&#64257;cas </b></P >    <!-- ref --><P    >Amaral,A., Correia, F., Magalh&atilde;es,A., Rosa, M. J., Santiago, R. &amp;Teixeira, P. (2000), <I>O Ensino Superior pela M&atilde;o da Economia. </I>Matosinhos:CIPES </P >    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000022&pid=S1645-7250200600010000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P    >Archer, M. S. (1979), <I>Social Origins of Educational Systems</I>.Londres:Sage. </P >    <P    >Ball, S. J. (1990), <I>Politics and Policy Making in Education. </I>Londres: Routledge. </P >    <P    >Barnett,R.(1994), <I>The Idea of Higher Education</I>. Buckingham:The Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University Press. </P >    <P    >Barnett,R.(1996), <I>The Limits of Competence: Knowledge, Higher Education and Society</I>. Buckingham:The Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University Press. </P >    <P    >Barnett, R. (1997), <I>Higher Education: A Critical Business</I>. Buckingham: The Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University Press. </P >    <P    >Barnett,R.(2000), <I>Realizing the University in an Age of Supercomplexity</I>.Buckingham:The Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University Press. </P >    <P    >Bernstein, B. (1996), <I>Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity:Theory, Research, Critique. </I>Londres:Taylor Francis. </P >    <P    >Boyer Commission (1998), <I>Reinventing Undergraduate Education: a Blueprint for America&rsquo;s Research Universties</I>. </P >    <P    >Carvalho,R.(1986), <I>A Hist&oacute;ria do Ensino em Portugal: Desde a Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o da Nacionalidade at&eacute; ao Fim do Regime de Salazar-Caetano</I>. Lisboa: Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o Calouste Gulbenkian. </P >    <P    >CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2003) &ldquo;Communication from the Commission: The role of the universities in the Europe of knowledge&rdquo;, Brussels (05.02.2003 COM 58 &#64257;nal). </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >Clark,B.&amp;Youn,T.,(1976), <I>Academic Power in the United Sates: Comparative    Historic and Structural Perspectives</I>, ERIC/Higher Education Research Report    n&ordm;3,The American Association for Higher Education:Washington. </P >     <P    >Cortes&atilde;o, L., Magalh&atilde;es,A. M. &amp; Stoer, S. R. (2001), Mapeando Decis&otilde;es no Campo da Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o no &Acirc;mbito do Processo de Realiza&ccedil;&atilde;o das Pol&iacute;ticas Educativas, <I>Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o Sociedade &amp; Culturas</I>, <I>15</I>,17-30. </P >     <P    >Cowen, R. (1996), Performativity, Post-modernity and the University, <I>Comparative    Education</I>, <I>32 (2)</I>, 245-258.</P >     <P    > Dearing Report (1997), <I>Higher Education in a Learning Society</I>. Londres:    National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education. </P >     <P    >Deem,R.(2001),Globalisation,New Managerialism,Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurialism    in Universities: is the Local Dimension Important<I>?, Comparative Education</I>,    <I>1</I>,7-20. </P >     <P    >Gellert, C. (1993), Structural and Functional Differentiation: Remarks on Changing    Paradigms of Tertiary Education in Europe. In C. Gellert (org.), <I>Higher Education    in Europe</I>. Londres: Jessica Kingsley. </P >     <P    >Giddens,A. (1994), <I>Modernidade e Identidade Pessoal</I>. Oeiras: Celta Editora </P >    <P    >Giddens,A. (1996), <I>As Consequ&ecirc;ncias da Modernidade</I>. Oeiras: Celta Editora. </P >     <P    >Habermas, J. (1993), A Ideia da Universidade: Processos de Aprendizagem&raquo;,    <I>Col&oacute;quio Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o e Sociedade</I>, <I>3</I>, 35-66 .  </P >     <P    >Halsey, A. H., (1995), <I>Decline of Donnish Dominion: The British Academic Professions    in the Twentieth Century</I>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >Harker, B. (1995), Postmodernism and Quality, <I>Quality in Higher Education</I>, <I>1</I>, 31-39. </P >     <P    >Harriger,C. (1994),AdultsinCollege.InJ.D.Sinnot(org.<I>), Interdisciplinary Handbook    of Adult Lifespan Learn</I><I>ing</I>.Westport,CT:Greenwood,Inc. </P >     <P    >Hegel,G.W. F.,(1965), <I>Introduction aux Le&ccedil;ons sur la Philosophie de l&rsquo;Histoire</I>.Paris:NRF. </P >    <P    >Hegel,G.W. F.,(1976), <I>Princ&iacute;pios da Filoso&#64257;a do Direito</I>. Lisboa: Guimar&atilde;es Editores. </P >     <P    >Humboldt, W. von (1959), Über die Innere und Äussere Organisation der Höberen    Wissenschaftlichen Ansalten.In E.Anrich (org.), <I>Die Idee der Deutschen Universit&auml;t</I>.Darmstadt.  </P >     <P    >Lyotard, J.F. (1989), <I>A Condi&ccedil;&atilde;o P&oacute;s-Moderna</I>.Lisboa:Gradiva.  </P >     <P    >Magalh&atilde;es,A. M. &amp; Stoer, S. R. (2004), Knowledge in the Bazaar: Pro-active    Citizenship in the Learning Society. In M. Kuhn, &amp; R. G. Sultana (Eds.)    <I>Homo Sapiens Europeus? &ndash; Creating the European Learning Citizen</I>.    Berlin: Peter Lang.. </P >     <P    >Magalh&atilde;es,A. M. (2004), <I>A Identidade do Ensino Superior: Pol&iacute;tica,    Conhecimento e Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o numa Era de Transi</I><I>&ccedil;&atilde;o</I>.    Lisboa: FCT/Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o Calouste Gulbenkian. </P >     <P    >Marques,A.H.de Oliveira,(1983), <I>Hist&oacute;ria de Portugal </I>vol.II. Lisboa: Palas Editores. </P >    <P    >Neave, G. (1996), Homogenization, Integration and Convergence: The Cheshire Cats of Higher Education Analysis. In V. Lynn Meek, Leo Goedegebuure, Osmo Kivinen e Risto Rinne, <I>The Mockers and Mocked: Comparative Perspectives on Differentiation, Convergence and Diversity in Higher Education</I>.Oxford:Pergamon Press. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >Neave, G. (1997), The European Dimension in Higher Education: a Historical Analysis,    Background Document to the Conference: <I>The Relationship Between Higher Education    and the Nation State</I>. Enschede. </P >     <P    >Neave, G. &amp; van VUGHT, F. (orgs.) (1994), <I>Government and Higher and Higher Education Relationships Across Three Continents:TheWinds of Change</I>, Oxford: Pergamon Press. </P >    <P    >Neave, G. (1995), &laquo;On Visions, Short and Long&raquo;, <I>Higher Education Policy</I>, <I>8</I>, 9-10. </P >    <P    >Newman,J.H.(1973), <I>The Idea of a University</I>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </P >    <P    >Omari, I.M. (1994), Kenya: Management of Higher Education in Developing Countries: The Relationship Between the Government and Higher Education.In G.Neave e F.VanVught (orgs.), <I>Government and Higher and Higher Education RelationshipsAcrossThree Continents:TheWinds of Change</I>. Oxford: Pergamon Press. </P >     <P    >Rothblatt,S.(1995),An Historical Perspective on the University&rsquo;s Role in    Social Development.In D.D.Dill e B. Sporn (orgs.) ), <I>Emerging Patterns of    Social Demand and University Reform:Through a Glass Darkly</I>.Oxford: Pergamon    Press. </P >     <P    >Rothblatt, S. e Wittrock, B. (1993) (eds.), <I>The European and American University since 1800: historical and sociological essays</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </P >    <P    >Santos, B. de S. (1991), Ci&ecirc;ncia. In M. M. Carrilho (org.), <I>Dicion&aacute;rio do Pensamento Contempor&acirc;neo</I>. Lisboa: Publica&ccedil;&otilde;es D. Quixote. Santos, B. de S. (1994), <I>Pela M&atilde;o de Alice</I>. Porto:Afrontamento. </P >    <P    >Scott, P. (1995), <I>The Meanings of Mass Higher Education</I>. Buckingham:The Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University. </P >     <P    >Scott, P. (1997),The Changing Role of the University in the Production of New    Knowledge, <I>Tertiary Educa</I><I>tion and Managment</I>, <I>3 (1), </I>5 -14.  </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >Smith,A.eWebster,F.(orgs.) (1997), <I>The Postmodern University?</I>. Buckingham:The Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University. </P >    <P    >Somers, M. R., e GIBSON, Gloria D. (1996), Reclaiming the Epistemological &ldquo;Other&rdquo;: Narrative and the Social Constitution of Identity. In Craig Calhoun (org.), <I>Social Theory and the Politics of Identity</I>.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers. </P >     <P    >Stoer, S. R. (2004), New Forms of Citizenship, European Construction and the    Recon&#64257;guration of the University; Confer&ecirc;ncia proferida Fulbright    Brainstorm, Lisboa. Stoer, S. R. &amp; Cortez&atilde;o, L. (1995), Critical    Inter/Multicultural Education and the Process of Transnationalisation: a View    From the Semiperiphery, <I>Journal of Education Policy</I>, 4, 373-384. </P >     <P    >Stoer, S. R., Cortez&atilde;o, L. &amp; Magalh&atilde;es, A. M. (1998), A Quest&atilde;o da Impossibilidade Racional de Decidir e o Despacho sobre os Curr&iacute;culos Alternativos. In A. Estrela &amp; J. Ferreira, <I>La D&eacute;cision en Education/A Decis&atilde;o em Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o</I>. Lisboa:Association Francophone Internationale de Recherche en Sciences de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation. </P >    <P    >Stoer, S. R. &amp; Magalh&atilde;es, A. M. (2005b) A Europa como Bazar. Contributo para a an&aacute;lise da recon&#64257;gura&ccedil;&atilde;o dos Estados-na&ccedil;&atilde;o no contexto europeu e das novas formas de &ldquo;viver em conjunto&rdquo;. In A. Teodoro &amp; </P >    <P    >C. A. Torres (orgs.) <I>Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o Cr&iacute;tica &amp; Utopia. Perspectivas para o s&eacute;culo XXI. </I>(pp.33-51) Porto: Edi&ccedil;&otilde;es Afrontamento. </P >    <P    >Stoer,S.R.&amp; Magalh&atilde;es,A.M.(2005a),Entre a Massi&#64257;ca&ccedil;&atilde;o da Universidade e a Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o de Massas, <I>Boletim da Uniersidade do Porto</I>, Fevereiro, 37, 5-7. </P >    <P    >Trow, M. (1991), The Exceptionalism of American Higher Education. In M. A.Trow, e T. Nybom (orgs.), <I>Uni</I>&#65453;<I>versity and Society: essays on the Social Role of Research and Higher Education</I>. Londres: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. </P >    <P    >Trow, M. (1996a), Continuities and Change in American Higher Education. In Arnold Burgen (org.), <I>Goals and Purposes of Higher Education in the 21st Century</I>. Londres: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd. </P >     <P    >Trow, M. (1996b) Trust, Markets and Accountability in Higher Education: a Comparative    Perspective, <I>Higher Education Policy</I>, 9, 4, 309-324. Weber, M (1930),    <I>The Protestant ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</I>.Londres. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >&nbsp;</P >     <P    ><a name="1"></a><a href="#top1">* </a>Professor da Faculdade de Psicologia e    Ci&ecirc;ncias da Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o da Universidade do Porto e investigador    do Centro de Investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o de Pol&iacute;ticas do Ensino Superior    (CIPES), <a href="mailto:antonio@fpce.up.pt">antonio@fpce.up.pt</a> </P >      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amaral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teixeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O Ensino Superior pela Mão da Economia.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Matosinhos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIPES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
