<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-9199</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Relações Internacionais (R:I)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Relações Internacionais]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-9199</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IPRI-UNL]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-91992025000100069</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23906/ri2025.85a06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O ciberespaço e a guerra na Ucrânia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harry]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[André]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitay of Bath Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>85</numero>
<fpage>69</fpage>
<lpage>86</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-91992025000100069&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-91992025000100069&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-91992025000100069&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Era esperado que a invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia fosse acompanhada por ataques cibernéticos em larga escala. Contudo, embora as cibercapacidades tenham efetivamente desempenhado um papel de apoio no conflito, o grau de sofisticação e intensidade da sua utilização tem sido, de uma maneira geral, limitado, em parte devido ao fortalecimento das defesas ucranianas e ao papel sem precedentes de atores terceiros no conflito, incluindo Estados, corporações privadas e grupos de hackers civis. Este artigo analisa a ciberdimensão do conflito e explora algumas lições que podem ser retiradas deste estudo de caso sobre o uso de cibercapacidades em guerras, e como é que futuros (ciber) conflitos poderão ser estudados por investigadores da área das Relações Internacionais.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The invasion of Ukraine by Russia was expected to be accompanied by the deployment of large-scale cyberattacks. While cyber capabilities have undeniably played a supporting role in the conflict, the sophistication and intensity have been limited overall, partly by the strengthened Ukrainian defences and the unprecedented role of third parties, including states, private corporations, and civilian hacking groups. This paper examines the cyber-dimension of the conflict. It explores the lessons that can be learnt from this case study about cyber capabilities in warfare and how IR scholars study future (cyber) conflicts.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ciberguerra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[operações de informação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Rússia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ucrânia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cyber-warfare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[information operations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Russia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ukraine]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALLYN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bobby]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deepfake video of Zelenskyy could be &#8220;tip of the iceberg&#8221; in info war, experts warn]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NPR]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BAEZNER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cyber and information warfare in the Ukrainian conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centre for Security Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BALMFORTH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russian hackers were inside Ukraine telecoms giant for months]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reuters]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BATEMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s Wartime Cyber Operations in Ukraine]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BEALE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ukraine war: how old tech is helping Ukraine avoid detection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC News]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BIGGERSTAFF]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William Casey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The status of Ukraine&#8217;s &#8220;IT Army&#8221; under the law of armed conflict]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lieber Institute West Point]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Reuters</collab>
<source><![CDATA[BLACKOUTS after Russian strikes deepen Ukraine&#8217;s concerns before winter]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRONK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chris]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COLLINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WALLACH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Ukrainian information and cyber war]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cyber Defense Review]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>33-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BROWN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steve]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ukraine makes best operational use of vintage machine guns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Kyiv Post]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BURGESS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matt]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russia is being hacked at an unprecedented scale]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WIRED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BURGESS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matt]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ukraine&#8217;s volunteer &#8220;IT Army&#8221; is hacking in uncharted territory]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WIRED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The invaders have disabled communication and the Internet in Kherson region and part of Zaporizhzhia region]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Government Portal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CLARKE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aaron]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hacking the invasion: the cyber implications of Russia&#8217;s invasion of Ukraine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Third Way]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COURTNEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WILSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[If Russia invaded Ukraine]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[RAND]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>USAID</collab>
<source><![CDATA[YBERSECURITY]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DAVIS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth Van Wie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Shadow Warfare: Cyberwar Policy in the United States, Russia and China]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Maryland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Rowman &amp; Littlefield,]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EDWARDS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What are wipers?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crowdstrike]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FENDORF]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kyle]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MILLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tracking cyber operations and actors in the Russia-Ukraine War]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Council on Foreign Relations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GARSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Melanie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From script kiddies to cyber warriors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Evolving Cyber Operations and Capabilities]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>23-32</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GILES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Putin does not need to invade Ukraine to get his way]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chatham House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GILES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russian cyber and information warfare in practice]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chatham House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The untold story of NotPetya, the most devastating cyberattack in history]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WIRED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GREENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sandworm hackers caused another blackout in Ukraine - during a missile strike]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WIRED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GREENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ukraine suffered more data-wiping malware in 2022 than anywhere ever]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WIRED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GROSSMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Taylor]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KAMINSKA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Monica]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SHIRES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SMEETS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Cyber Dimensions of the Russia-Ukraine War]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Cyber Conflict Research Initiative]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRZEGORZEWSKI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s 2022 cyber-enabled warfare against Ukraine: why Russia failed to perform to expectations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Great Power Competition]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>47-73</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Nature Switzerland]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAKALA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janne]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MELNYCHUK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jazlyn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s Strategy in Cyberspace]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Microsoft</collab>
<source><![CDATA[HOW TECHNOLOGY helped Ukraine resist during wartime]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HOWARD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacqueline]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russia launches &#8220;massive&#8221; overnight attack on Ukraine power grid]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BBC News]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUNDER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LANDAY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefaniia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ukraine&#8217;s top mobile operator hit by biggest cyberattack of war]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reuters]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Kyiv Post</collab>
<source><![CDATA[HUR HACKS Russian Defense ministry, gets access to classified documents]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[INSKEEP]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steve]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCLAUGHLIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russia-Ukraine escalation: Ukrainian &#8220;hacktivists&#8221; battle Russia online]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NPR]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>BBC News</collab>
<source><![CDATA[KHERSON: HOW is Russia imposing its rule in occupied Ukraine?]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KRAMER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franklin D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The sixth domain: the role of the private sector in warfare]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEVITE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ariel -]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Integrating cyber into warfighting: some early takeaways from the Ukraine conflict]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LONERGAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erica D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LONERGAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shawn W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIANO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brandon]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JENSEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Putin&#8217;s invasion of Ukraine didn&#8217;t rely on cyberwarfare. Here&#8217;s why]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LYNGAAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sean]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russian military hackers take aim at Ukrainian soldiers&#8217; battle plans, US and allies say]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CNN Politics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MADIEGA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tambiama]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s War on Ukraine: Digital Issues]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Parliament]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARQUARDT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex -]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Musk&#8217;s SpaceX says it can no longer pay for critical satellite services in Ukraine, asks Pentagon to pick up the tab]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CNN Politics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MASADA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Protecting democratic institutions from cyber threats]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Microsoft]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MASCHMEYER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lennart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing hybrid war: separating fact from fiction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CSS]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCLAUGHLIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An inside look at Ukraine&#8217;s cyber war with Russia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NPR]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCLAUGHLIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ukrainian hacktivists fight back against Russia as cyber conflict deepens]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NPR]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MILLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maggie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russian invasion of Ukraine could redefine cyber warfare]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[POLITICO]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MUELLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Grace B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JENSEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIANO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brandon]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MANESS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ryan C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACIAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cyber operations during the Russo-Ukrainian War]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CSIS]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PRZETACZNIK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jakub]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TARPOVA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simona]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s War on Ukraine]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Parliament]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RENDER-KATOLIK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aiden]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The IT Army of Ukraine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CSIS]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RID]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cyber war will not take place]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Strategic Studies]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CBS News</collab>
<source><![CDATA[RUSSIA RAINS missiles down on Ukraine&#8217;s capital and other cities in retaliation for Crimea bridge blast]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Reuters</collab>
<source><![CDATA[RUSSIA REROUTES internet traffic in occupied Ukraine to its infrastructure]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Microsoft Threat Intelligence</collab>
<source><![CDATA[RUSSIA&#8217;S CYBERATTACK activity in the Ukraine]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Microsoft Threat Intelligence</collab>
<source><![CDATA[RUSSIAN THREAT actors dig in, prepare to seize on war fatigue]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Amazon</collab>
<source><![CDATA[SAFEGUARDING UKRAINE&#8217;S data to preserve its present and build its future]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Mandiant</collab>
<source><![CDATA[SANDWORM DISRUPTS power in Ukraine using a novel attack against operational technology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHMITT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SHORE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Don&#8217;t underestimate Ukraine&#8217;s volunteer hackers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[SIGNIFICANT CYBER incidents]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SMITH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brad]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Defending Ukraine: early lessons from the cyber war]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Microsoft]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>STATE SERVICE OF SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROTECTION OF UKRAINE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The invaders have disabled communication and the internet in Kherson region and part of Zaporizhzhia region]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Government Portal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>STATE SERVICE OF SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROTECTION OF UKRAINE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s cyber tactics H1&#8217;2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Economist</collab>
<source><![CDATA[THE HEAD of GCHQ says Vladimir Putin is losing the information war in Ukraine]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TIDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ukrainian power grid &#8220;lucky&#8221; to withstand Russian cyber-attack]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC News]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TIDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meet the hacker armies on Ukraine&#8217;s cyber front line]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC News]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TIDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ukrainian cyber conflict: hacking gangs vow to de-escalate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC News]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of State. Office of the Spokesperson</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. SUPPORT for connectivity and cybersecurity in Ukraine]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IEA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[UKRAINE&#8217;S ENERGY security and the coming winter]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Kyiv Post</collab>
<source><![CDATA[UKRAINIAN HACKERS launch cyberattacks on subsidiary of major Russian Telecom]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VOO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lessons from Ukraine&#8217;s cyber defense and implications for future conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Evolving Cyber Operations and Capabilities]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>15-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VOO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEMANI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irfan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CASSIDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROSENBACH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[National Cyber Power Index 2022]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Belfer Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VOO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEMANI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irfan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JONES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simon]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DESOMBRE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Winnona]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CASSIDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHWARZENBACH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[National Cyber Power Index 2020]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Belfer Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anh V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THOMAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COLLIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ben]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUTCHINGS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alice]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CLAYTON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ANDERSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ross]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Getting bored of cyberwar: exploring the role of low-level cybercrime actors in the Russia-Ukraine conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WWW &#8216;24: Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<page-range>1596-607</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WATLING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jack]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DANYLYUK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oleksandr]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REYNOLDS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nick]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Preliminary lessons from Russia&#8217;s unconventional operations during the Russo-Ukrainian War, February 2022-February 2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[RUSI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WATTS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clint]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Preparing for a Russian cyber offensive against Ukraine this winter]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Microsoft]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WATTS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clint]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russian influence and cyber operations adapt for long haul and exploit war fatigue]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Microsoft]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WILDE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gavin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cyber operations in Ukraine: Russia&#8217;s unmet expectations]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WILLETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The cyber dimension of the Russia-Ukraine War]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IISS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZAKHARCHENKO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kateryna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[HUR cyberattack hits Russian internet providers in occupied Crimea]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Kyiv Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
