<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-9199</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Relações Internacionais (R:I)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Relações Internacionais]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-9199</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IPRI-UNL]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-91992025000100087</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23906/ri2025.85a07</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A política de segurança da União Europeia: do soft power ao hard power]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghasemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohsen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,IPRI-NOVA  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>85</numero>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>101</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-91992025000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-91992025000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-91992025000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Nos últimos anos, a União Europeia sempre foi considerada um soft power com um envolvimento limitado nas dimensões militar e de segurança. Contudo, os realinhamentos internacionais, especialmente nas regiões vizinhas da Europa, as mudanças na postura da Rússia e as novas exigências do sistema internacional tornaram inviável a política de dependência de segurança face aos Estados Unidos. Este artigo analisa os desafios estruturais que a União Europeia enfrenta no domínio da segurança e do hard power. A questão central abordada é a influência limitada da União na segurança regional e global e o impacto dos problemas estruturais da União Europeia nessa influência.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In recent years, the European Union has always been perceived as a soft power with limited involvement in the military and security dimensions. International realignments, especially in Europe&#8217;s neighboring regions, as well as changes in Russia&#8217;s approach and the security requirements of the international system, have ruled out the prospect of continuing the policy of security dependence on the United States. This article analyzes the structural challenges facing the European Union in the area of security and hard power. The main question of this article is the structural problems of the Union in terms of its influence on regional and global security and the impact of these problems on that influence.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[União Europeia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[segurança global]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[hard power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[dimensão militar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[European Union]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[global security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hard power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[military dimension]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<given-names><![CDATA[Xiao]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCARAZZATO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lorenzo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trends in World Military Expenditure]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estocolmo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SIPRI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WALT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Origin of Alliance]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>55</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ithaca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornel University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
