Pedaling Rate in Cycling: A Review
Cadência de Pedalada no Ciclismo
Marcelo Ricardo Dias 1,2
Jorge R. Perrout de Lima 3
Jefferson da Silva Novaes 1,4
1- Universidade Castelo Branco, RJ.
]]> 2- Faculdade Metodista Granbery, Juiz de Fora, MG.3- Laboratório de Avaliação Motora da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG
4- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
RESUMO
Após décadas de estudos e inúmeras discussões, ainda não há um consenso sobre a cadência ideal de pedalada no ciclismo. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de revisar, de forma sistematizada, estudos científicos que investigaram a eficiência mecânica através das cadências de pedalada no cilcismo. Tais experimentos demonstraram diversos fatores que poderiam ser capazes de alterar a cadência de pedalada ideal e preferida, com isso alterar a eficiência de pedalada. O ponto conclusivo da literatura define as baixas cadências de pedalada como mais econômicas e eficientes que as altas. A cadência ideal para a maioria dos praticantes é, geralmente, mais baixa do que a cadência preferida pelos ciclistas treinados.
Palavras-Chave: cadência de pedalada, economia de movimento, eficiência mecânica e ciclismo
ABSTRACT
Pedaling Cadence in the Ciclism: A Review
]]> After decades of studies and innumerable quarrels, there is not still a consensus on the optimal pedaling rate in the cycling. The present study aimed to review systematically the scientific studies that investigated the mechanical efficiency through the pedaling rates in cycling. Such experiments have demonstrated that diverse factors could be capable to modify the optimal pedaling preferred rate and pedaling efficiency as well. The conclusive point of literature defines the low pedaling cadences as more economic and efficient that the high ones. The ideal cadence for the majority of the practitioners is generally lower than the cadence preferred by the trained cyclists.Keywords: pedaling cadence, movement economy, mechanics efficiency and cycling
Texto Completo disponível apenas em PDF
Full text only available in PDF
REFERÊNCIAS
1. Belli A, Hintzy F. (2002) Influence of pedalling rate on the energy cost of cycling in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 88(1-2):158-162. [ Links ]
2. Coast JR, Cox RH, Welch HG. (1986) Optimal pedaling rate in prolonged bouts of cycle ergometry. Med Sci Sport Exerc 8(2):225-230.
3. Pierre S, Nicolas H, Frédérique H. (2006) Interactions between cadence and power output effects on mechanical efficiency during sub maximal cycling exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 97(1):133-139.
]]> 4. Gaesser GA, Brooks GA. (1975) Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: effects of speed and work rate. J Appl Physiol 38(6):1132-1139.5. Gotshall RW, Bauer TA, Fahrner SL. (1996) Cycling cadence alters exercise hemodynamics. ;Int J Sports Med 17(1):17-21.
6. Hagberg JM, Mullin JP, Giese MD, Spitznagel E. (1981) Effect of pedaling rate on submaximal exercise responses of competitive cyclists. J Appl Physiol 51(2):447-451.
7. Hintzy F, Belli A, Grappe F, Rouillon JD. (1999) Optimal pedalling velocity characteristics during maximal and submaximal cycling in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 79(5):426-432.
8. Marais G, Pelayo P. (2003) Cadence and exercise: physiology and biomechanical determinants of optimal cadences – pratical applications. Sports Biomechanics 2(1):103-132.
9. Vercruyssen F, Brisswalter J, Hausswirth C, Bernard T, Bernard O, Vallier JM. (2002). Influence of cycling cadence on subsequent running performance in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(3):530-536.
10. Rocha EK, Soares DP, Vellado DM, Loss JF. (2003) Caracterização da escolha da cadência preferida no ciclismo a partir de parâmetros musculares. Rev Bras Med Esp 9(6):439-446.
11. Lucia A, Hoyos J, Chicharro JL. (2001) Preferred pedalling cadence in Professional cycling. Med Sci Sport Exerc 33(8):1361-1366.
12. Padilla S, Mujika I, Cuesta G, Goiriena JJ. (1999) Level ground and uphill cycling ability in professional road cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31(6):878-885.
13. Umberger BR, Gerritsen KG, Martin PE. (2006) Muscle fiber type effects on energetically optimal cadences in cycling. J Biomech 39(8):1472-1479.
]]> 14. Takaishi T, Yamasoto T, Ono T, Ito T, Moritani T. (1998) Neuromuscular, metabolic, and kinetis adaptations for skilled pedalling performance in cyclists. Med Sci Sport Exerc 30(3):442-449. 15. Astrand PO,
16. Bertucci W, Taiar R, Grappe F. (2005) Differences between sprint tests under laboratory and actual cycling conditions. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 45(3):277-283.
17. Carvalho Junior ES, Santos ALG, Schneider AP, Beretta L, Tebexreni AS, Cesar MC, Barros TL. (2000) Análise comparativa da aptidão cardiorrespiratória de triatletas, avaliados em ciclossimulador e bicicleta ergométrica. Rev Bras Ciên e Mov 8(3):21-24.
18. Lucia A, San Juan AF, Montilla M, Canete S, Santalla A, Earnest C, Perez M. (2004) In Professional Road Cyclists, low Pedaling Cadences are Less Efficient. Med Sci Sport Exerc 36(6):1048-1054.
19. Padilla S, Mujika I, Cuesta G, Polo JM, Chatard JC. (1996) Validity of a velodrome test for competitive road cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 73(5):466-451.
20. Santalla A, Manzano JM, Pérez M, Lucia A. (2002) A new pedaling design: the Rotor-effects on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(11):1854-1858.
21. Coast JR, Welch HG. (1985) Linear increase in optimal pedaling rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 53(4):339-344.
22. Faria IE, Dix C, Frazer C. (1978) Effect of body position during cycling on heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake and work output. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 18(1):49-56.
23. Faria IE, Faria EW, Roberts S, Yoshimura D. (1989) Comparision of physical and physiological characteristcs in elite yonhg and mature cyclists. Res Q Exerc Sport 60(4):388-395.
]]> 24. Sjogaard G. (1984) Muscle morphology and metabolic potential in elite road racing cyclist during a season. Int J Sports Med 5(5):250-254.25. Caputo F, Greco CC, Denadai BS. (2005) Efeitos do estado e especificidade do treinamento aeróbio na relação %VO2max versus %FCmax durante o ciclismo. Arq Bras Cardiol 84(1):20-23.
26. Smith MF, Davison RCR, Balmer J, Bird SR. (2001) Reliability of mean power recorded during indoor and outdoor self-paced 0 km cycling time-trials. Int J Sports Med 22(4):270-274.
27. Lucia A, Earnest C, Hoyos J, Chicarro JL. (2003) Optimizing the crank cycle and pedaling cadence. In: Burke ER (Ed). High-Tech Cycling. 2ª edição. Champaign: Human Kinetics: 93-118.
28. Lucia A, Balmer J, Davison RCR, Pérez M, Santalla A, Smith PM. (2004) Effects of the rotor pedalling system on the performance of trained cyclists during incremental and constant-load cycle-ergometer tests. Int J Sports Med 25(7):479-485.
29. Duc S, Villerius V, Bertucci W, Pernin JN, Grappe F. (2005) Muscular activity level during pedalling is not affected by crank inertial load. Eur J Appl Physiol 95(2-3):260-264.
30. Soares D, Rocha E, Candotti CT, Vellado D, Fraga C, Guimarães AC, Loss J. (2003a) Potência muscular e eficiência mecânica em diferentes cadências no ciclismo. In: X Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica, 2003, Belo Horizonte (MG). Anais do X Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica: Imprensa Universitária UFMG, 1: 228-232.
31. Prilustsky BI, Herzog W, Allinger TL. (1997) Forces of individual cat ankle extensor muscles during locomotion predicted using static optimization. J Biomech 30(10):1025-1033.
32. Soares D, Rocha E, Candotti CT, Vellado D, Fraga C, Guimarães AC, Loss J. (2003b) Comparação entre eficiência mecânica e economia de movimento no ciclismo. In: X Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica, 2003, Belo Horizonte (MG). Anais do X Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica: Imprensa Universitária UFMG, 1:307-310.
33. Ferreira LF, Lutjemeier BJ, Townsend DK, Barstow TJ. (2005) Effects of pedal frequency on estimated muscle microvascular O2 extraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 96(5):558-63.
]]> 34. Vecruyssen F, Suriano R, Bishop D, Hausswirth C, Brisswalter J. (2005) Cadence selection affects metabolic responses during cycling and subsequent running time to fatigue. Br J Sports Med 39(5):267-272.35. Sidossis LS, Horowitz JF, Coyle EF. (1992) Load and velocity of contraction influence gross and mechanical efficiency. Int J Sport Med 13(5):407-411.
36. Denadai BS, Ruas VD, Figueira TR. (2005) Maximal lactate steady state concentration independent of pedal cadence in active individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 96(4):477-80
37. Boning D, Gonen Y, Maaseen N. (1984) Relationship between work load, pedal frequency, and physical fitness. Int J Sport Med 5(2):92-97.
38. Pierre S, Nicolas H, Frederique H. (2006) Interactions between cadence and power output effects on mechanical efficiency during sub maximal cycling exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 97(1):133-139.
39. Vercruyssen F, Hausswirth C, Smith D, Brisswalter J. (2001) Effect of exercise duration on optimal pedaling rate choice in triathletes. Can J Appl Physiol 26(1):44-54.
40. Marsh AP, Martin PE. (1993) The association between cycling experience and preferred and most economical cadences. Med Sci Sport Exerc 25(11):1269–1274.
41. Marsh AP, Martin PE. (1997) Effect of cycling experience, aerobic power and power output on preferred and most economical cadences. Med Sci Sport Exerc 29(9):1225–1232.
42. Marsh AP, Martin PE, Foley KO. (2000) Effect of cadence, cycling experience, and aerobic power on delta efficiency during cycling. Med Sci Sport Exerc 32(9):1630-1634.
43. Padilla S, Mujika I, Orbañanos J, Santisteban J, Ângulo F, Goiriena JJ. (2001) Exercise Intensity and Load during Mass-Start Stage Races in Professional Road Cycling. Med Sci Sport Exerc 33(5):796-802.
]]> 44. Nickleberry BLJ, Brooks GA. (1996) No effect of cycling experience on leg cycle ergometer efficiency. Med Sci Sport Exerc 28(11):1396-1401.45. Millet GP, Tronche C, Fuster N, Candau R. (2002) Level ground and uphill cycling efficiency in seated and standing positions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(10):1645–1652.
46. Sanderson DJ, Hennig EM, Black AH. (2000) The influence of cadence and power output on force application and in-shoe pressure distribution during cycling by competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sports Sci 18(3):173-181.
47. Carpes FP, Mota CB. (2003) Análise cinemática do membro inferior em duas diferentes cadências de pedalada no ciclismo. In: 4º Congresso Brasileiro de Atividade Física e Saúde, 2003, Florianópolis (SC). Anais – 4º Congresso Brasileiro de Atividade Física e Saúde, p.191.
48. Sarre G, Lepers R, Maffiuletti N, Millet G, Martin A. (2003) Influence of cycling cadence on neuromuscular activity of the knee extensors in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 88(4-5):476-479.
49. Sanderson DJ. (1991) The influence of cadence and power output on the biomechanics of force application during steady-rate cycling in competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sports Sci 9(2):191-203.
50. Sarre G, Lepers R, Van Hoecke J. (2005) Stability of pedalling mechanics during a prolonged cycling exercise performed at different cadences. J Sports Sci 23(7):693-701.
51. Takaishi T, Yasadua Y, Ono T, Moritani T. (1996) Optimal pedaling rate estimated from neuromuscular fatigue for cyclists. Med Sci Sport Exerc 28(12):1492-1497.
52. Marsh AP, Martin PE. (1998) Perceived exertion and the preferred cycling cadence. Med Sci Sport Exerc 30(6):942-948.
53. Faria IE, Sjogaard G, Bonde-Petersen F. (1982) Oxygen cost during different pedalling speeds for constant power output. J Sport Med 22(3):295–299.
]]> 54. Seabury JJ, Adams WC, Ramey MR. (1977) Influence of pedaling rate and power output on energy expenditure during bicycle ergometry. Ergonomics 20(5):491-498.55. Faria IE. (1992) Energy expenditure, aerodynamics and medical problems in cycling: An up-date. Sports Med 14(1):43-63.
Data de submissão: Setembro 2006
Data de aceitação: Dezembro 2006
Correspondência
Rua Mal. Floriano Peixoto, 937 apto. 402 – Centro
]]> Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais (Brasil)CEP: 36015-440 - Tel: 55 (32) 9194-0154
E-mail: marceloricardo@actrium.com.br
]]>