<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1646-107X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Motricidade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Motri.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1646-107X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições Desafio Singular]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1646-107X2008000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Resposta ventilatória durante a prova de 400 metros livres: associações com a prestação]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Breathing frequency along the 400 m free style: association with pratice]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Octávio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Victor Machado]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carneiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[André Luiz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[António Malvas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aidar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vila Real ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montes Claros MG]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[MG ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>57</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1646-107X2008000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1646-107X2008000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1646-107X2008000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Os objectivos do presente estudo foram os seguintes: i) Descrever variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas na prova de 400 metros crol; ii) Determinar a contribuição relativa do metabolismo aeróbio e anaeróbio no decorrer da prova; iii) Determinar a relação entre a prestação em 400m crol e as variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas. A amostra foi constituída por 8 nadadores, do sexo masculino, média = 17.7±2.3 anos, portugueses de nível competitivo nacional e com uma prática regular de natação. Cada elemento realizou as provas de esforço aleatoriamente (uma submáxima e a outra supramáxima com um intervalo de tempo, entre 48 horas) em uma piscina coberta, com 25m de comprimento e 10m de largura e, temperatura ambiente entre os 26-29 graus centígrados. Em ambas as provas o ar expirado foi analisado por um sistema de gases e registado os valores de VO2 em intervalos de 20 s. Antes de cada prova, os nadadores realizaram os aquecimentos com duração entre 10 a 15 min. A submáxima foi constituída por 5 patamares de 6 min de duração, alternados com um tempo de recuperação. A velocidade inicial foi entre 3 e 4m.s-1 e os patamares subsequentes, receberam acréscimos de 0.5m.s-1 sendo assegurada uma velocidade constante através de um pacer, colocado no fundo da piscina. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue capilar no final de cada patamar de esforço. Na supramáxima, cada nadador nadou 400m exigindo-se um esforço máximo na prova. Após a prova, foi medido o lactato sanguíneo, em intervalos de 2 minutos, até se verificar diminuição nos valores observados. Não se verificou nenhuma correlação significativa entre a velocidade média na prova supramáxima e as variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas medidas nesta prova. Todavia, encontrámos a interferência de factores antropométricos na prestação em natação, nomeadamente a massa gorda (r=0.78; p&#8804;0.05). Para velocidades até &#8776;1.3 m.s-1, o metabolismo aeróbio assegurou a maior parte da produção energética. E ainda, os nadadores que apresentaram maior défice de oxigénio acumulado apresentaram menores valores da velocidade associada ao limiar láctico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The aims of the present study were: i) to assess ventilator and metabolic variables during a 400m crawl event; ii) to assess the relative contribution of aerobic and anaerobic energy during the event; iii) to investigate the associations between the performance and ventilator and metabolic variables. The sample comprised 8 male Portuguese swimmers with a mean age of 17.7±2.3 years, regularly involved in competitive swimming. Each subject performed a submaximal and a supramaximal swimming tests with a 48h recovery between them. The tests were conducted in an indoor 25m swimming pool. During both tests gas analysis was performed and VO2 was recorded in 20 s intervals. The submaximal test comprised 5 bouts of 400m with individual recovery between them. Initial speed was 3 to 4m.s-1 ans speed increases were 0.5m.s-1. Swimming speed was kept constant with a light pacer placed in the bottom of the pool. Blood samples were collected after each bout. The supramaximal test was an all-out 400m crawl swimming. Blood samples were collected every 2 min after the test until blood lactate levelled-off. NO significant association was found between the assessed variables and the performance. However, we found a significant association of the performance with anthopometric measures, namely total body fat (r=0.78; p&#8804;0.05). We also found that to swimming speeds up to &#8776;1.3 m.s-1, the aerobic energy sources provided the major fraction of energy release. Moreover, the swimmers that presented the largest accumulated oxygen deficit presented the also the larger mean values of the swimming speed associated with the lactic threshold.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[400metros crol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[custo energético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[prestação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[400m crawl]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[energy cost]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[performance]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Resposta ventilat&oacute;ria durante a prova de 400 metros    livres: associa&ccedil;&otilde;es com a presta&ccedil;&atilde;o</b></P>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"></p>     <p align="center">Octávio Meira<SUP>1</SUP>, </p>     <p align="center">Victor Machado Reis<SUP>1</SUP>, </p>     <p align="center">Antonio José Silva<SUP>1</SUP>, </p>     <p align="center">André Luiz Carneiro<SUP>1,2,3</SUP>, </p>     <p align="center">António Malvas Reis<SUP>1</SUP>, </p>     <p align="center">Felipe Aidar <SUP>1</SUP></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><SUP>1 </SUP>Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro – Vila    Real, Portugal.</P>     <p align="center"><SUP>2</SUP>Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas- Montes Claros-MG.</P>     <p align="center"><SUP>3 </SUP>Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros-MG.</P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p><b>RESUMO</B></P>     <p><b>&nbsp;</B>Os objectivos do presente estudo foram os seguintes: i) Descrever    variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas na prova de 400 metros crol; ii) Determinar    a contribuição relativa do metabolismo aeróbio e anaeróbio no decorrer da prova;    iii) Determinar a relação entre a prestação em 400m crol e as variáveis ventilatórias    e metabólicas. A amostra foi constituída por 8 nadadores, do sexo masculino,    média = 17.7±2.3 anos, portugueses de nível competitivo nacional e com uma prática    regular de natação. Cada elemento realizou as provas de esforço aleatoriamente    (uma submáxima e a outra supramáxima com um intervalo de tempo, entre 48 horas)    em uma piscina coberta, com 25m de comprimento e 10m de largura e, temperatura    ambiente entre os 26-29 graus centígrados. Em ambas as provas o ar expirado    foi analisado por um sistema de gases e registado os valores de VO<SUB>2</SUB>    em intervalos de 20 s. Antes de cada prova, os nadadores realizaram os aquecimentos    com duração entre 10 a 15 min. A submáxima foi constituída por 5 patamares de    6 min de duração, alternados com um tempo de recuperação. A velocidade inicial    foi entre 3 e 4m.s<SUP>-1</SUP> e os patamares subsequentes, receberam acréscimos    de 0.5m.s<SUP>-1 </SUP>sendo assegurada uma velocidade constante através de    um <i>pacer</I>, colocado no fundo da piscina. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue    capilar no final de cada patamar de esforço. Na supramáxima, cada nadador nadou    400m exigindo-se um esforço máximo na prova. Após a prova, foi medido o lactato    sanguíneo, em intervalos de 2 minutos, até se verificar diminuição nos valores    observados. Não se verificou nenhuma correlação significativa entre a velocidade    média na prova supramáxima e as variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas medidas    nesta prova. Todavia, encontrámos a interferência de factores antropométricos    na prestação em natação, nomeadamente a massa gorda (r=0.78; p&#8804;0.05).    Para velocidades até &#8776;1.3 m.s-1, o metabolismo aeróbio assegurou a maior    parte da produção energética. E ainda, os nadadores que apresentaram maior défice    de oxigénio acumulado apresentaram menores valores da velocidade associada ao    limiar láctico.</P>     <p><b>Palavras-chave: </B>400metros crol, custo energético, prestação</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Breathing frequency along the 400 m free style: association with pratice    </b></p>     <p><b>ABSTRACT</B></p>     <p>The aims of the present study were:  i) to assess ventilator and metabolic variables during a 400m crawl event; ii)  to assess the relative contribution of aerobic and anaerobic energy during the  event; iii) to investigate the associations between the performance and  ventilator and metabolic variables. The sample comprised 8 male Portuguese  swimmers with a mean age of 17.7±2.3 years, regularly involved in competitive  swimming. Each subject performed a submaximal and a supramaximal swimming tests  with a 48h recovery between them. The tests were conducted in an indoor 25m  swimming pool. During both tests gas analysis was performed and VO<SUB>2</SUB>  was recorded in 20 s intervals. The submaximal test comprised 5 bouts of 400m  with individual recovery between them. Initial speed was 3 to 4m.s<SUP>-1</SUP>  ans speed increases were 0.5m.s<SUP>-1</SUP>. Swimming speed was kept constant  with a light pacer placed in the bottom of the pool. Blood samples were  collected after each bout. The supramaximal test was an all-out 400m crawl  swimming. Blood samples were collected every 2 min after the test until blood  lactate levelled-off. NO significant association was found between the assessed  variables and the performance. However, we found a significant association of  the performance with anthopometric measures, namely total body fat (r=0.78;  p&#8804;0.05). We also found that to swimming speeds up to &#8776;1.3 m.s-1, the aerobic  energy sources provided the major fraction of energy release. Moreover, the  swimmers that presented the largest accumulated oxygen deficit presented the  also the larger mean values of the swimming speed associated with the lactic  threshold.</P>     <p><b>Key words:</B> 400m crawl, energy cost, performance</P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>REFERÊNCIAS</B></P>     <p>&nbsp;</p>         <!-- ref --><p>1. Alves, F. (2004). O nadador jovem: crescimento e maturação. Seminário Internacional    “O treino do jovem nadador”. Viseu: ESEV. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000035&pid=S1646-107X200800010000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>2. Bassett, D.; Howley, E.; Thompson, D.; King, G.; Strath, S.; Mclaughlin,    J.; Parr, B. (2001). Validity of inspiratory and expiratory methods of measuring    gas exchange with a computerized system. <I>J Appl Physiol </I>91: 218–224,    2001. </p>     <p>3. Billat, V.; Sirvent, P.; Py, G.; Koralsztein, J.; Mercier, J. (2003). The    concept of maximal lactate steady state. A bridge between biochemistry, physiology    and sport science. <i>Sport Med</I>; 3(6): 407-426. </p>     <p>4. Carneiro, A.; Reis, V.; Silva, A.; Ávila, W. (2006). Características antropométricas    de nadadores portugueses dos estilos bruços e crol e sua associação com a prestação    na prova de 200 metros. <i>Actas do I Congresso Carioca de Educação Física</I>,    Rio de Janeiro, FIEP. </p>     <p>5. Carzola, G.; Montpetit, R. (1988). Metabolic and cardiac responses of swimmers,    modern pentathletes and water polo players during freestyle swimming to a maximum.    In: Ungerechts, B.E.; Wilk, K.; Reische, K. (eds.), <i>Swimming Science V</I>:    251-257. Human Kinetics Publishers. Champaign, Illinos. </p>     <p>6. Caty, V.; Rouard, A.; Hintzy, F.; Aujouannet, Y.; Molinari, F.; Knaflitz,    M. (2006). Time-frequency parameters of wrist muscles EMG after na exhaustive    Freestyle test. In: <i>Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X</I>. (ed.) Revista    Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. Volume 6, Supl. 2; 28-30. </p>     <p>7. Chatard JC, Lavoie JM &amp; Lacour JR (1990). Analysis of determinants of    swimming economy in front crawl. <i>Eur Appl Physiol</I>; 61: 88-92. </p>     <p>8. Chatard, J.C., Lavoie, J.M. e Lacour, J.R. (1991). Energy cost of front-crawl    swimming in women. <i>Eur J Appl Physiol</I>; 63: 12-6. </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>9. D’Acquisto,; Troup, J.; Holmberg, S. (1991). Stroke related differences    in economy as a result of long course and flume swimming. In: J. M. Cameron    (ed.), <i>Aquatic Sports Medicine </I>1991: 98-101. Farrand Press, London. </p>     <p>10. Di Prampero, P.; Pendergast, D.; Wilson, D.; Rennie, D. (1974). Energetics    of swimming in man. <i>J Appl Physiol</I> 37:1 – 5. </p>     <p>11. Holmér I (1974). Physiology of swimming man. <i>Acta Physiologica Scandinavica</I>.    Suplementum 407&nbsp;; 20 – 25&nbsp;; 38 – 39. </p>     <p>12. Ito, S.; Okuno, K. (2003). A Fluid dynamical consideration for armstroke    in swimming. . In: J-C Chatard (ed.), <i>Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming    IX</I>, (pp 39-44). Saint-Etienne: Universite Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne (Publications    de l’Université de Saint-Étienne), Saint-Etienne, France. </p>     <p>13. Keskinen, K. (2006). State of the art on swimming physiology and coaching    practice: bridging the gap between theory and practice. In: <i>Biomechanics    and Medicine in Swimming X</I>. (eds.) Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto.    Volume 6, Supl. 2; pp. 285-287.</p>     <p>14. Kjendlie PL, Frank Ingjer F, Madsen Ø, Stallman RK e Stray-Gundersen J    (2004a). Differences in the energy cost between children and adults during front    crawl swimming. <i>Eur J Appl Physiol</I>; 91: 473-480. </p>     <p>15. Kjendlie PL, Frank Ingjer F, Stallman RK e Stray-Gundersen J (2004b). Factors    affecting swimming economy in children and adults. <i>Eur J Appl Physiol; </I>93:    65–74. </p>     <p>16.  Mazza, J.; Alárcon, N.; Galasso, C.; Cosolito,  P.; Bermudez, C. (2003). Estudio  comparativo entre testes específicos y no específicos para investigar la  potencia aerobica y anaerobica en nadadores. <i>PubliCE Standard</I>. Pid: 181.</P>         <p>17. Medbø, J.; Mohn, A.; Tabata, I.; Bahr, R.; Vaage, O.; Sejersted, O. (1988)    Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit. <I>J Appl    Physiol </I>64: 50-60. </p>     <p>18. Millet GP e Candau RB (2002). Facteurs mécaniques du coût énergétique dans    trois locomotions humaines. <i>Science&amp; Sports</I>; 17: 166-76. </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>19. Ogita, F.; Hara, M.; Tabata, I. (1996). Anaerobic capacity and maximal    oxygen uptake during arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. <i>Acta    Physiol Scand</I>, 157, 435-441. </p>     <p>20. Ogita, F.; Onodera, T.; Tabata, I. (1999). Effect of hand paddles on anaerobic    energy release during supramaximal swimming. <i>Med Sci Sports Exerc</I>: 31    5), 729-735. </p>     <p>21. Ogita, F.; Onodera, T.; Tamaki, H.; Toussaint, H.; Hollander, P. e Wakayoshi,    K. (2003). Metabolic Profile During Exhaustive Arm Stroke, Leg Kick and Whole    Body Swimmming Lasting 15s to 10min. In: J-C Chatard (ed.), <i>Biomechanics    and Medicine in Swimming IX</I>, (pp 361-366). Saint-Etienne: Universite Jean    Monnet Saint-Etienne (Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne), Saint-Etienne,    France. </p>     <p>22. Ogita, F.; Tanaka, T.; Tamaki, H.; Wagatsuma, A.; Hamaoka, T.; Toussaint,    H. (2006). Metabolic and mechanical characteristics of female gold medalist.    In: <i>Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X</I>. (ed.) Revista Portuguesa    de Ciências do Desporto. Volume 6, Supl. 2; 194-197. </p>     <p>23. Onodera, S.; Miyachi, M.; Yano, H.; Yano, L.; Hoshijima, Y.; Harada, T.    (1999). Effect of buoyancy and body density on energy cost during swimming.    In: Keskinen, K.; Komi, P.; Hollander, A. P. (eds.), <i>Biomechanics and Medicine    in Swimming VIII</I>, pp. 355-358. Department of Biology of Physical Activity    – University of Jyväskylä. Finland. </p>     <p>24. Pendergast, D.; Capelli, C.; Craig Jr A.; di Prampero P.; Minetti, A.;    Mollendorf, J.; Termin, A.; Zamparo, P. (2006b). Biophysics in swimming. In:    <i>Book of Abstracts of the Xth International Symposium Biomechanics and Medicine    in Swimming</I>. (eds.) Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. Volume 6,    Supl. 1; 15-16. </p>     <p>25. Platanau, T.; Geladas, N. (2006). The influence of competitiveness on mach    exercise intensity in elite water polo players. In: <i>Biomechanics and Medicine    in Swimming X</I>. (ed.) Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. Volume    6, Supl. 2; 163-165. </p>     <p>26. Poujade, B.; Hautier, C.; Rouard, A. (2003). Influence of morphology, O<SUB>2máx</SUB>    and energy cost on young swimmers’ performance. <i>Science &amp; Sports</I>;    18; 182-187. </p>     <p>27. Reis, V. (2003). Estimation of the  Accumulated Oxygen Deficit during treadmill running: a study on the effects of  resting oxygen uptake, exercise intensities above the lactic threshold and  treadmill inclination on the oxygen uptake-speed regression. Doctoral  Dissertation, Vila Real, UTAD.</P>         <p>28. Reis, V.; Carneiro, A. (2006a). Deficit de Oxigénio acumulado e produção    de energia anaeróbica. <I>Treinamento Desportivo</I>. 7(1) (<I>epub ahead).</I>  </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>29. Reis, V.; Carneiro, A. (2006b). Metodologia de estimativa do Deficit de    Oxigénio Acumulado. <I>Rev Bras Ciência Mov</I>. 13(3).7-15. </p>     <p>30. Reis, V.; Carneiro, A.; Aidar, F.; Silva, A.; Ávila, W.; Reis, A. (2006b).    Associação do pico de vo<SUB>2</SUB> e da máxima produção de lactato com a prestação    na prova de 200 metros crol. <i>Actas do Congresso Internacional de Atividade    Física, Saúde e Esporte</I>, Rio de Janeiro, COBRASE.. </p>     <p>31. Reis, V.; Silva, A.; Carneiro, A.; Fernandes,Filho J. (2006a). Associações    entre a produção energética, indicadores cinemáticos e a prestação nos 200m    de nado peito. <I>FIEP Bulletin</I>. 76 (supp): 636. </p>     <p>32. Reis, V.; Silva, A.; Reis, A.; Garrido, N.; Moreira, A.; Carneiro, A.;    Marinho, D.; Neto, S. (2006c). Assessment of submaximal and supramaximal swimming    energy cost in crawl and breaststroke swimmers. In Vilas-Boas JP, Marques A,    Alves FB. (Eds): <i>Book of Abstracts of the Xth International Symposiun Biomechanics    and Medicine in Swimming</I>. Porto, Portugal. pp. 55. </p>     <p>33. Rodriguez, F.; Mader, A (2003). Energy metabolism during 400 and 100-m    crawl swimming: computer simulation based on free swimming measurement. In:    J-C. Chatard (ed.), <i>Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX</I>, pp. 373-378.    University of Saint-Etienne. Saint-Etienne, France. </p>     <p>34. Silva, A.; Reis, V.; Reis, A.; Garrido, N.; Moreira, A.; Carneiro, A.;    Alves, F. (2006). Associations between energy release and performance in a supramaximal    effort of 200m in crawl. In Vilas-Boas JP, Marques A, Alves FB. (Eds): <i>Book    of Abstracts of the Xth International Symposiun Biomechanics and Medicine in    Swimming</I>. Porto, Portugal. pp. 59. </p>     <p>35. Thanopoulos, V.; Dopsaj, M.; Nikolopoulous, A. (2006). The relationship    of anthropomorphological characteristics of crawl sprint swimmers of both genders    with critical speed at 50 and 100M. In: <i>Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming    X</I>. (ed.) Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. Volume 6, Supl. 2;    pp. 107-109. </p>     <p>36. Zamparo, P.; Pendergast, D.; Termin, B.; Minetti, A. (2002). How fins affect    the economy and efficiency of human swimming. <i>J Experim Biol</I> 205, 2665–2676.  </p>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O nadador jovem: crescimento e maturação]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Seminário Internacional “O treino do jovem nadador”.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Viseu ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ESEV]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
