<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1646-2890</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia Maxilofacial]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1646-2890</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentária]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1646-28902025000200058</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24873/j.rpemd.2025.06.1427</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Intraoral stereoradiography visualization with virtual reality: peri-implant bone level estimation accuracy - An in vitro study]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Estereoradiografia intraoral em realidade virtual: avaliação da precisão na medição do nível ósseo peri-implantar - Estudo in vitro]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Ferreira da]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caramês]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hachmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina Dentária ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,MEDISIS - Sistemas Médicos, Lda  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>58</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1646-28902025000200058&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1646-28902025000200058&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1646-28902025000200058&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objectives:  The main objectives of this in vitro study were to evaluate the accuracy and precision of stereoradiography with virtual reality in measuring peri-implant bone level compared to conventional 2D radiography, and to find which stereoscopic angles between images lead to higher accuracy and precision. Another objective was to develop a virtual reality method for viewing pairs of stereoscopic radiographs, to archive, to present, and analyze the acquired stereoscopic images.  Methods:  A blinded laboratory study compared 40 samples of randomly positioned implants in 10 artificial bone blocks simulating random bone defects and crestal angulations. 320 pairs of different stereoscopic angulation images were analyzed using a head-mounted display system. A total of 1280 measurements of the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual margins were made, in a randomized order, using 0.4 mm cylindrical threads as reference, giving a 0.2 mm maximum precision in measurements.  Results:  The median absolute error and relative error interquartile range were lower in stereoscopic images. The observers&#8217; error of bone height estimation reduced substantially when stereoscopic images were used, even at low angular disparities such as 2° of stereopsis. Observers reported viewing discomfort at angles above 6º.  Conclusions:  Stereoradiography significantly reduced the error in bone height estimation, with any stereoscopic angle, compared to 2D. Augmented/virtual reality technology empowers stereoradiography, offering a more affordable and user-friendly imaging system.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Objetivos:  Os objetivos principais deste estudo in vitro foram avaliar a exatidão e precisão da estereoradiografia com realidade virtual na medição do nível ósseo peri-implantar em comparação com a radiografia convencional 2D, e definir que ângulos estereoscópicos entre imagens fornecem informações mais exatas e precisas. Outro objetivo foi desenvolver um método de visualização de pares de radiografias estereoscópicas com realidade virtual, para arquivar, representar e analisar as imagens estereoscópicas adquiridas, em 3D.  Métodos:  Um estudo laboratorial, cego, comparou 40 amostras de implantes posicionados aleatoriamente em 10 blocos de osso sintético, simulando defeitos ósseos aleatórios. 320 pares de imagens com diferentes angulações estereoscópicas foram observados através de um sistema de realidade virtual. Foram feitas um total de 1280 medições das margens mesial, distal, vestibular e lingual, randomizadas, usando espiras cilíndricas de 0,4 mm como referência, conferindo uma precisão máxima de 0,2 mm na medição.  Resultados:  As medianas dos erros absolutos e os intervalos interquartil dos erros relativos foram menores nas imagens estereoscópicas. Os observadores obtiveram uma redução substancial do erro na estimativa do nível ósseo sempre que eram utilizadas imagens estereoscópicas, mesmo com baixa disparidade angular tal como 2º de estereopsia. Os observadores relataram desconforto visual em ângulos maiores que 8º.  Conclusões:  A estereoradiografia reduziu significativamente o erro na estimativa da altura óssea, com qualquer ângulo de estereopsia, em comparação com 2D. A tecnologia de realidade aumentada/virtual favorece a estereoradiografia, oferecendo um sistema de imagem mais acessível e fácil de usar.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dental implants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Depth perception]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Head-mounted displays]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Radiostereometric analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Implantes dentários]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Perceção de profundidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Óculos inteligentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Análise radioestereométrica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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