<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1646-706X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Angiol Cir Vasc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1646-706X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1646-706X2012000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Angiogénese e Arteriogénese na Doença Arterial Periférica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis in Peripheral Arterial Disease]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mansilha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Bioquímica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Association for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de São João Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1646-706X2012000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1646-706X2012000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1646-706X2012000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Em adaptação à obstrução da árvore arterial e consequente isquemia, os organismos induzem os processos arteriogénico e angiogénico no sentido de melhorar o aporte sanguíneo aos tecidos. Contudo, 25% dos doentes com doença arterial periférica (DAP) vão sofrer agravamento da sua condição isquémica aos cinco anos, sugerindo insuficiência dos processos adaptativos. Estes mecanismos são extremamente complexos e resultam da interacção adequadamente coordenada de múltiplas moléculas com células específicas. O estudo da variabilidade interindividual nas moléculas envolvidas nos mecanismos vasculares de adaptação à isquemia poderá provavelmente possibilitar a identificação de biomarcadores com capacidade prognóstica não só em relação à evolução da doença, mas também à resposta às terapêuticas instituídas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In adaptation to arterial obstruction and consequent ischemia, organisms induce the arteriogenic and angiogenic mechanisms in order to improve blood supply to tissues. However, 25% of the patients with peripheral arterial disease will have a deterioration of their condition, suggesting failure of the adaptative processes. These mechanisms are extremely complex, resulting from the interaction of multiple molecules suitably coordinated with specific cells. The study of interindividual variability in the molecules involved in the vascular adaptive mechanisms to ischemia could probably enable the identification of prognostic biomarkers not only for the disease evolution, but also for the response to therapeutic approaches.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[doença arterial periférica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[arteriogénese]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[angiogénese]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peripheral arterial disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[arteriogenesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[angiogenesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biomarkers]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ 
	    <p><b>Angiog&eacute;nese e Arteriog&eacute;nese na Doen&ccedil;a Arterial Perif&eacute;rica</b></p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
	    <p><b>Daniel Brand&atilde;o*, **; Carla Costa**, ***, ****; Armando Mansilha*****</b></p>

    <p>* Servi&ccedil;o de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho.</p>

    <p>** Departamento de Bioqu&iacute;mica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto.</p>

	    <p>*** Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC).</p>

	    <p>**** Association for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality (iSEX), Lisboa, Portugal.</p>

	    <p>***** Servi&ccedil;o de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Hospital de S&atilde;o Jo&atilde;o (Porto) e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto.</p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><a name="top1"></a><a href="#1">Contactos</a></p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>|RESUMO|</b></p>
	    <p>Em adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; obstru&ccedil;&atilde;o da &aacute;rvore arterial e consequente isquemia, os organismos induzem os processos arteriog&eacute;nico e angiog&eacute;nico no sentido de melhorar o aporte sangu&iacute;neo aos tecidos. Contudo, 25% dos doentes com doen&ccedil;a arterial perif&eacute;rica (DAP) v&atilde;o sofrer agravamento da sua condi&ccedil;&atilde;o isqu&eacute;mica aos cinco anos, sugerindo insufici&ecirc;ncia dos processos adaptativos. Estes mecanismos s&atilde;o extremamente complexos e resultam da interac&ccedil;&atilde;o adequadamente coordenada de m&uacute;ltiplas mol&eacute;culas com c&eacute;lulas espec&iacute;ficas. O estudo da variabilidade interindividual nas mol&eacute;culas envolvidas nos mecanismos vasculares de adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; isquemia poder&aacute; provavelmente possibilitar a identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o de biomarcadores com capacidade progn&oacute;stica n&atilde;o s&oacute; em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o da doen&ccedil;a, mas tamb&eacute;m &agrave; resposta &agrave;s terap&ecirc;uticas institu&iacute;das.</p>
       <p><b>Palavras&#45;chave:</b> doen&ccedil;a arterial perif&eacute;rica, arteriog&eacute;nese, angiog&eacute;nese</p>
       <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis in Peripheral Arterial Disease</b></p>
    <p><b>|ABSTRACT</b>|</p>

	    <p>In adaptation to arterial obstruction and consequent ischemia, organisms induce the arteriogenic and angiogenic mechanisms in order to improve blood supply to tissues. However, 25% of the patients with peripheral arterial disease will have a deterioration of their condition, suggesting failure of the adaptative processes. These mechanisms are extremely complex, resulting from the interaction of multiple molecules suitably coordinated with specific cells. The study of interindividual variability in the molecules involved in the vascular adaptive mechanisms to ischemia could probably enable the identification of prognostic biomarkers not only for the disease evolution, but also for the response to therapeutic approaches.</p>

       <p><b>Key words:</b> Peripheral arterial disease, arteriogenesis, angiogenesis, biomarkers</p>
	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>I. DOEN&Ccedil;A ARTERIAL PERIF&Eacute;RICA</b></p>

	    <p>&Agrave; semelhan&ccedil;a das doen&ccedil;as coron&aacute;ria e cerebrovascular, a doen&ccedil;a arterial perif&eacute;rica (DAP) &eacute; consequ&ecirc;ncia da aterosclerose. Deste modo, a obstru&ccedil;&atilde;o da &aacute;rvore arterial dos membros inferiores resulta numa diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do aporte sangu&iacute;neo necess&aacute;rio aos tecidos durante o exerc&iacute;cio ou mesmo em repouso. A gravidade dos sintomas encontra&#45;se dependente da extens&atilde;o do processo obstrutivo, mas tamb&eacute;m da circula&ccedil;&atilde;o colateral existente.</p>

	    <p>Juntamente com as restantes patologias consequentes da aterosclerose, a DAP tem demonstrado um padr&atilde;o epid&eacute;mico alarmante nas popula&ccedil;&otilde;es ocidentais. &Eacute; de facto uma condi&ccedil;&atilde;o grandemente prevalente (3 a 10% na popula&ccedil;&atilde;o em geral e 15 a 20% nos indiv&iacute;duos com idade superior a 70 anos)&#91;1&#93;. Partilha com as restantes doen&ccedil;as ateroscler&oacute;ticas os mesmos factores de risco vascular, assumindo&#45;se a diabetes mellitus, o tabaco e a idade como os factores com maior relev&acirc;ncia<sup>&#91;1&#93;</sup>.</p>

	    <p>A evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o natural da DAP encontra&#45;se actualmente claramente definida. Deste modo, ap&oacute;s cinco anos de seguimento, 25% dos doentes com claudica&ccedil;&atilde;o intermitente v&atilde;o ter agravamento da sua condi&ccedil;&atilde;o isqu&eacute;mica com 5 a 10% a evolu&iacute;rem para isquemia cr&iacute;tica (1). Neste contexto, a maioria dos casos com evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o desfavor&aacute;vel ocorre no primeiro ano ap&oacute;s o diagn&oacute;stico<sup>&#91;2&#93;</sup>. Por outro lado, a mortalidade aos cinco anos &eacute; nestes doentes de 10 a 15% (75% casos de origem cardiovascular), sendo que 20% adicionais ir&atilde;o desenvolver um evento cardiovascular n&atilde;o&#45;fatal&#91;2&#93;. Neste &acirc;mbito, a DAP tem sido consistentemente associada a um aumento significativo do risco de eventos e de morte cardiovasculares, estando este aumento estimado em seis vezes aos dez anos<sup>&#91;3,4&#93;</sup>. O progn&oacute;stico dos doentes em isquemia cr&iacute;tica &eacute; francamente mais sombrio: um ano ap&oacute;s o diagn&oacute;stico e apesar das medidas terap&ecirc;uticas institu&iacute;das, 30% ter&aacute; sido submetido a uma amputa&ccedil;&atilde;o major, 25% ter&aacute; falecido e apenas 25% se encontrar&aacute; sem isquemia cr&iacute;tica.</p>

    <p>Tem havido uma evid&ecirc;ncia crescente de que o exerc&iacute;cio realizado sob supervis&atilde;o poder&aacute; permitir a melhoria sintom&aacute;tica destes doentes, quando comparado com o aconselhamento usual de caminhar com regularidade efectuado em regime de consulta<sup>&#91;5&#93;</sup>. Este benef&iacute;cio parece decorrer de diversas adapta&ccedil;&otilde;es &agrave; condi&ccedil;&atilde;o isqu&eacute;mica estimuladas pelo exerc&iacute;cio, nomeadamente ao n&iacute;vel da microcircula&ccedil;&atilde;o e da macrocircula&ccedil;&atilde;o<sup>&#91;6&#93;</sup>. No entanto, existe uma importante heterogeneidade entre os diversos estudos efectuados no que respeita ao tipo de exerc&iacute;cio a realizar, mas tamb&eacute;m &agrave; dura&ccedil;&atilde;o e frequ&ecirc;ncia do mesmo<sup>&#91;7,8&#93;</sup>. Neste contexto, Nicolai e colaboradores recentemente apontaram para uma poss&iacute;vel maior efic&aacute;cia de um esquema de exerc&iacute;cio superior a 30 minutos por sess&atilde;o, duas vezes por semana<sup>&#91;9&#93;</sup>.</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>II. NEOVASCULARIZA&Ccedil;&Atilde;O</b></p>

	    <p>O organismo possui diversos mecanismos de adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o que permitem melhorar o aporte sangu&iacute;neo aos tecidos em situa&ccedil;&otilde;es de isquemia. Os mecanismos accionados nessas circunst&acirc;ncias s&atilde;o classicamente divididos em tr&ecirc;s: angiog&eacute;nese, vasculog&eacute;nese e arteriog&eacute;nese | figuras 1 e 2 |<sup>&#91;10&#93;</sup>.
	Na realidade, estes processos possuem uma significativa interac&ccedil;&atilde;o, partilhando numerosos acontecimentos celulares e moleculares.</p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>| FIGURA 1 |</b>Vasculog&eacute;nese e angiog&eacute;nese. CE, C&eacute;lulas Endoteliais; Ang&#45;1, Angiopoietina&#45;1; Ang&#45;2, Angiopoietina&#45;2 (adaptado de Brand&atilde;o D et al)<sup>&#91;10&#93;</sup></p>
    <p><img src="/img/revistas/ang/v8n2/8n2a01f1.jpg" width="424" height="350"></p>
    
<p>&nbsp;</p>
	    <p><b>| FIGURA 2 | </b>Arteriog&eacute;nese. RTC, Receptor Tirosina&#45;Cinase (adaptado de Brand&atilde;o D et al)<sup>&#91;10&#93;</sup></p>

	    <p><img src="/img/revistas/ang/v8n2/8n2a01f2.jpg" width="414" height="334"></p>
    
<p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>A. Vasculog&eacute;nese</b></p>
    <p>A vasculog&eacute;nese consiste na forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de novos vasos a partir de c&eacute;lulas precursoras das c&eacute;lulas endoteliais (EPCs) derivadas da medula &oacute;ssea ou angioblastos. Embora inicialmente se pensasse que a vasculog&eacute;nese ocorreria apenas durante o per&iacute;odo embrion&aacute;rio, sabe&#45;se hoje que as EPCs colonizam os locais angiog&eacute;nicos, integrando&#45;se funcionalmente nos vasos em forma&ccedil;&atilde;o<sup>&#91;11&#93;</sup>.</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>B. Angiog&eacute;nese</b></p>

	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>A angiog&eacute;nese consiste na forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de novos vasos a partir de vasos pr&eacute;&#45;existentes. Ap&oacute;s um est&iacute;mulo inicial, as c&eacute;lulas endoteliais separam&#45;se das c&eacute;lulas vizinhas bem como das c&eacute;lulas de suporte perivascular, come&ccedil;ando a proliferar e a migrar. Organizam&#45;se posteriormente em cord&otilde;es que subsequentemente adquirem l&uacute;men, dando assim origem a novos vasos.</p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>1. VEGF</b></p>

	    <p>No processo angiog&eacute;nico interv&ecirc;m in&uacute;meros factores, de entre os quais importa salientar o VEGF e respectivos receptores. A c&eacute;lula endotelial constitui o alvo prim&aacute;rio da ac&ccedil;&atilde;o do VEGF. Est&aacute; claramente demonstrado, in vitro e in vivo, que o VEGF induz a prolifera&ccedil;&atilde;o e migra&ccedil;&atilde;o das c&eacute;lulas endoteliais e inibe a apoptose das mesmas<sup>&#91;12&#93;</sup>.</p>

    <p>A ac&ccedil;&atilde;o do VEGF decorre da sua liga&ccedil;&atilde;o a dois receptores tirosina&#45;cinase: o VEGFR&#45;1, tamb&eacute;m designado por Flt&#45;1 (fms&#45;like tyrosine kinase receptor 1) e o VEGFR&#45;2, igualmente descrito como Flk&#45;1 (fetal liver kinase 1) no ratinho, ou KDR (Kinase insert Domain Receptor) no ser humano<sup>&#91;13&#93;</sup>. O VEGFR&#45;2 constitui o mediador mais importante dos efeitos mitog&eacute;nicos e angiog&eacute;nicos do VEGF<sup>&#91;12&#93;</sup>. Em oposi&ccedil;&atilde;o ao VEGFR&#45;2, o papel do VEGFR&#45;1 na angiog&eacute;nese n&atilde;o se encontra t&atilde;o claramente definido. De facto, foram j&aacute; descritas ac&ccedil;&otilde;es contradit&oacute;rias, o que poder&aacute; resultar de uma sinaliza&ccedil;&atilde;o intracelular diversa consoante a fase de desenvolvimento ou o tipo celular em quest&atilde;o. Deste modo, embora o VEGFR&#45;1 assuma um papel positivo importante na vasculog&eacute;nese e angiog&eacute;nese esse receptor tirosina&#45;cinase surge como um potencial regulador negativo da ac&ccedil;&atilde;o do VEGF a n&iacute;vel das c&eacute;lulas endoteliais no adulto<sup>&#91;14&#93;</sup>.</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>2. Exerc&iacute;cio e angiog&eacute;nese</b></p>

	    <p>O provimento de nutrientes &agrave;s fibras musculares est&aacute; dependente da difus&atilde;o a partir dos capilares circundantes. Est&aacute; demonstrado que a um maior n&uacute;mero de capilares existentes &agrave; periferia das fibras musculares se associa uma maior capacidade de difus&atilde;o<sup>&#91;15&#93;</sup>. Embora exista alguma discord&acirc;ncia entre os estudos publicados em torno dos processos de adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o nos m&uacute;sculos dos indiv&iacute;duos com claudica&ccedil;&atilde;o intermitente, poder&aacute; haver um aumento da densidade capilar a n&iacute;vel muscular nessa circunst&acirc;ncia<sup>&#91;16&#45;19&#93;</sup>. Por outro lado, constatou&#45;se que o exerc&iacute;cio leva a um incremento da densidade capilar e da capacidade de difus&atilde;o a n&iacute;vel muscular, em consequ&ecirc;ncia da activa&ccedil;&atilde;o do processo angiog&eacute;nico, mesmo em circunst&acirc;ncias em que se verifica obstru&ccedil;&atilde;o do fluxo sangu&iacute;neo a montante<sup>&#91;17, 20, 21&#93;</sup>. Este mecanismo adaptativo poder&aacute; em parte explicar o benef&iacute;cio verificado nos indiv&iacute;duos claudicantes submetidos a exerc&iacute;cio sob supervis&atilde;o.</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>C. Arteriog&eacute;nese</b></p>

	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Em situa&ccedil;&otilde;es de estenose ou oclus&atilde;o de uma art&eacute;ria, os vasos colaterais pr&eacute;&#45;existentes aumentam de di&acirc;metro de modo a tornarem&#45;se efectivos no fornecimento de sangue a jusante. Este fen&oacute;meno &eacute; conhecido como arteriog&eacute;nese. Quando uma estenose arterial se torna hemodinamicamente significativa, a corrente sangu&iacute;nea &eacute; dirigida para os leitos arteriolares vizinhos pr&eacute;&#45;existentes. Em consequ&ecirc;ncia ocorre um aumento significativo do shear stress a n&iacute;vel das paredes desses vasos levando &agrave; activa&ccedil;&atilde;o das c&eacute;lulas endoteliais. Essa activa&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; mediada &agrave; superf&iacute;cie celular por numerosas vias, salientando&#45;se diversos receptores tirosina&#45;cinase (nomeadamente o VEGFR&#45;1), mol&eacute;culas de ades&atilde;o celular (PECAM&#45;1, integrinas), canais i&oacute;nicos, prote&iacute;nas G, caveolae, dupla camada lip&iacute;dica da membrana celular ou ainda proteoglicanos<sup>&#91;22&#93;</sup>. As c&eacute;lulas endoteliais activadas v&atilde;o promover a transcri&ccedil;&atilde;o de m&uacute;ltiplos genes. Em resultado decorre a s&iacute;ntese de numerosas citocinas (embora o MCP&#45;1 assuma maior relevo, s&atilde;o igualmente importantes mol&eacute;culas como o GM&#45;CSF &#150; granulocyte&#45;macrophage colony&#45;stimulating factor, G&#45;CSF &#150; granulocyte&#45;macrophage colony&#45;stimulating factor &#150; ou ainda o TNF&#45;&#945;), mol&eacute;culas de ades&atilde;o intercellular (ICAM&#45;1 &#150; intercellular adhesion molecule&#45;1, ICAM&#45;2 e VCAM&#45;1 &#150; vascular adhesion molecule&#45;1) e ainda da eNOS <sup>&#91;23&#45;25&#93;</sup>. Atra&iacute;dos pelo aumento circunscrito da concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de MCP&#45;1 e auxiliados pelas mol&eacute;culas de ades&atilde;o celular, os mon&oacute;citos circulantes v&atilde;o localmente aderir ao endot&eacute;lio e invadir a parede vascular, transformando&#45;se em macr&oacute;fagos <sup>&#91;23&#93;</sup>. Os macr&oacute;fagos, cuja fun&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; favorecida pelo GM&#45;CSF circundante, v&atilde;o sintetizar, entre outros, proteases como as MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) e o uPA (urinary plasminogen activator) e numerosos factores de crescimento vascular, com relevo para o FGF&#45;2 (fibroblastic growth factor&#45;2) <sup>&#91;26&#93;</sup>. Por um lado, a destrutura&ccedil;&atilde;o promovida pelas proteases da matriz, das l&acirc;minas el&aacute;sticas interna e externa e da advent&iacute;cia, permite originar espa&ccedil;o para a multiplica&ccedil;&atilde;o e migra&ccedil;&atilde;o das c&eacute;lulas que comp&otilde;em a parede arterial; por outro lado, os fragmentos resultantes da degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o dos componentes da matriz, como por exemplo da elastina, v&atilde;o, em conjunto com o FGF&#45;2, induzir a activa&ccedil;&atilde;o das c&eacute;lulas musculares lisas (CML)<sup>&#91;23,26,27&#93;</sup>. As CML activadas v&atilde;o proliferar e sofrer uma desdiferencia&ccedil;&atilde;o de um fen&oacute;tipo contr&aacute;ctil para um fen&oacute;tipo de s&iacute;ntese<sup>&#91;28&#93;</sup>. Entretanto, as c&eacute;lulas endoteliais inicialmente activadas pelas altera&ccedil;&otilde;es hemodin&acirc;micas e posteriormente estimuladas pelos factores de crescimento libertados pelos macr&oacute;fagos em resultado da disrup&ccedil;&atilde;o da barreira constitu&iacute;da pela l&acirc;mina el&aacute;stica interna, v&atilde;o igualmente proliferar<sup>&#91;29&#93;</sup>. Posteriormente assiste&#45;se &agrave; matura&ccedil;&atilde;o da parede arterial com a disposi&ccedil;&atilde;o ordenada das CML em camadas circulares, com o estabelecimento de liga&ccedil;&otilde;es intercelulares e ainda com a s&iacute;ntese de colag&eacute;nio e de elastina, possibilitando assim a estrutura necess&aacute;ria para um vaso de calibre superior<sup>&#91;28&#93;</sup>.</p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>1. VEGF e receptores na arteriog&eacute;nese</b></p>

	    <p>O papel preponderante do VEGF verificado na angiog&eacute;nese n&atilde;o &eacute; t&atilde;o evidente na arteriog&eacute;nese. De facto, a express&atilde;o do VEGF &eacute; no essencial mediada pelo factor de transcri&ccedil;&atilde;o HIF&#45;1&#945; (hypoxia&#45;inducible factor&#45;1&#945;), que apenas &eacute; expresso em situa&ccedil;&otilde;es de hip&oacute;xia, condi&ccedil;&atilde;o que n&atilde;o se verifica nos locais onde decorre o processo arteriog&eacute;nico. Contudo, a express&atilde;o do VEGF e do VEGFR&#45;2 pelas c&eacute;lulas endoteliais encontra&#45;se aumentada ao longo do processo arteriog&eacute;nico<sup>&#91;30&#93;</sup>. Por outro lado, a arteriog&eacute;nese induzida pelo exerc&iacute;cio &eacute; inibida por um antagonista do VEGF<sup>&#91;31&#93;</sup>. Foi ainda demonstrado em modelo animal que CML transduzidas com VEGF associadas a c&eacute;lulas endoteliais transduzidas com Angiopoietina&#45;1 (factor de grande relev&acirc;ncia na matura&ccedil;&atilde;o e estabiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o dos vasos rec&eacute;m&#45;formados por promover a interac&ccedil;&atilde;o entre o endot&eacute;lio e as c&eacute;lulas de suporte perivascular) reproduzem o fen&oacute;meno arteriog&eacute;nico<sup>&#91;32&#93;</sup>.</p>

    <p>O mecanismo sugerido atrav&eacute;s do qual o VEGF parece ser capaz de induzir a arteriog&eacute;nese poder&aacute; ser o seguinte: o aumento de express&atilde;o de eNOS despoletada pelo incremento do shear stress promove a liberta&ccedil;&atilde;o de VEGF; na sequ&ecirc;ncia, o VEGF induz as CML a sintetizarem MCP&#45;1, levando &agrave; atrac&ccedil;&atilde;o dos mon&oacute;citos, dando assim in&iacute;cio ao processo arteriog&eacute;nico<sup>&#91;28&#93;</sup>. Adicionalmente, foi demonstrado que o VEGF &eacute; capaz de promover directamente a atrac&ccedil;&atilde;o e migra&ccedil;&atilde;o dos mon&oacute;citos, sendo esta ac&ccedil;&atilde;o de atrac&ccedil;&atilde;o do VEGF mediada pelo VEGFR&#45;1<sup>&#91;33&#45;35&#93;</sup>. Por outro lado, verificou&#45;se que o PlGF (placental growth factor), membro da fam&iacute;lia VEGF e ligando do VEGFR&#45;1, promove a arteriog&eacute;nese em modelos de isquemia mioc&aacute;rdica e dos membros inferiores<sup>&#91;36&#93;</sup>.</p>

    <p>O VEGFR&#45;1 poder&aacute; ainda ter um papel adicional em todo o processo arteriog&eacute;nico. Assim, o VEGFR&#45;1 pode, por splicing alternativo, ser expresso sob uma forma sol&uacute;vel que, ao ligar&#45;se ao VEGF, impossibilita este de exercer a sua ac&ccedil;&atilde;o junto das c&eacute;lulas&#45;alvo, podendo limitar desta forma os processos angiog&eacute;nico e arteriog&eacute;nico<sup>&#91;37&#93;</sup>.</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>2. Exerc&iacute;cio e arteriog&eacute;nese</b></p>

	    <p>Mesmo na aus&ecirc;ncia de suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o com factores pr&oacute;&#45;angiog&eacute;nicos e pr&oacute;&#45;arteriog&eacute;nicos, a participa&ccedil;&atilde;o num programa de exerc&iacute;cio regular associa&#45;se a um aumento do fluxo sangu&iacute;neo dependente da colateraliza&ccedil;&atilde;o <sup>&#91;38&#93;</sup>. Nesse &acirc;mbito, foi recentemente demonstrado em modelo animal que, ap&oacute;s a laquea&ccedil;&atilde;o da art&eacute;ria femoral, o fluxo sangu&iacute;neo pelas colaterais para os m&uacute;sculos da perna &eacute; inicialmente de 2 a 3 vezes o fluxo necess&aacute;rio para manter a massa muscular vi&aacute;vel em repouso, progredindo com o tempo para 5 a 6 vezes nos ratos sedent&aacute;rios e para 10 vezes nos ratos sob exerc&iacute;cio&#91;39&#93;. Esta adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o progressiva, mais expressiva nos animais sob treino, resulta em grande medida do aumento do di&acirc;metro das colaterais pr&eacute;&#45;existentes, isto &eacute;, do est&iacute;mulo arteriog&eacute;nico resultante do incremento do shear stress <sup>&#91;6&#93;</sup>. Dos agentes intervenientes nesse processo de adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o, a eNOS tem sido apontada como uma mol&eacute;cula cr&iacute;tica.
	O aumento da express&atilde;o da eNOS &eacute; t&iacute;pico dos vasos respons&aacute;veis pelo fornecimento de sangue aos grupos musculares que suportam um determinado exerc&iacute;cio, em resultado do seu importante papel no controlo vascular local<sup>&#91;6&#93;</sup>. Contudo, na circunst&acirc;ncia do remodeling vascular associado &agrave; arteriog&eacute;nese o seu papel &eacute; ainda de maior relev&acirc;ncia na medida em que a express&atilde;o de eNOS &eacute; crucial para o aumento do di&acirc;metro arterial<sup>&#91;40,41&#93;</sup>. De facto, a inibi&ccedil;&atilde;o da produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de NO suprime o aumento de fluxo ao n&iacute;vel das colaterais induzido peloexerc&iacute;cio<sup>&#91;42&#93;</sup>.</p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>3. Arteriog&eacute;nese e doen&ccedil;a coron&aacute;ria</b></p>

	    <p>Nesse &acirc;mbito, importa relevar que foram recentemente publicados dois estudos que relacionam uma menor capacidade de colateraliza&ccedil;&atilde;o a n&iacute;vel coron&aacute;rio com um maior risco de eventos card&iacute;acos agudos<sup>&#91;43,44&#93;</sup>.</p>
	    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p><b>II. CONCLUS&Otilde;ES</b></p>

	    <p>Embora, como mencionado anteriormente,
a evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o dos doentes com DAP se encontre claramente definida, os factores preditivos do agravamento cl&iacute;nico dos doentes s&atilde;o ainda escassos e pouco precisos (1, 45). Neste contexto, o estudo da variabilidade interindividual das diferentes mol&eacute;culas envolvidas nos mecanismos vasculares de adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; isquemia poder&aacute; possibilitar a identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o de biomarcadores com capacidade progn&oacute;stica, quer em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o da doen&ccedil;a, quer &agrave; resposta &agrave;s terap&ecirc;uticas institu&iacute;das, nomeadamente ao exerc&iacute;cio sob supervis&atilde;o.</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
	    <p><b>BIBLIOGRAFIA</b></p>
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    <p>&nbsp;</p>

	    <p><a name="1" id="1"></a><a href="#top1">Contactos</a></p>

    <p><b>Autor Correspondente:</b></p>
    <p>Daniel Brand&atilde;o</p>
        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Servi&ccedil;o de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular</p>
        <p>Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</p>
        <p>Rua Concei&ccedil;&atilde;o Fernandes</p>
        <p>4434&#45;502 Vila Nova de Gaia</p>
        <p>+351 91 322 12 20</p>
        <p><a href="mailto:jdanielbrandao@gmail.com">jdanielbrandao@gmail.com</a></p>
     ]]></body><back>
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