<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1646-706X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Angiol Cir Vasc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1646-706X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1646-706X2022000400237</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48750/acv.487</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Impact of inflammation on chronic limb-threatening ischaemia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cunha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af6"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carneiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexandre]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medeiros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longatto-Filho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adhemar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesquita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amílcar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correia-Neves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mansilha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Vascular Surgery Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vila Real ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Minho School of Medicine Life and Health Science Research Institute]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Academic Center ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guimarães ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,ICVS/3B&#8217;s - PT Government Associated Laboratory  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Académico Clínico de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro - Professor Doutor Nuno Grande  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães Medicine Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Local Unit Care of Alto Minho Radiology Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Viana do Castelo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Pedro Hispano Local Unit Care of Matosinhos Internal Medicine Department]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of São Paulo School of Medicine Department of Pathology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Barretos Cancer Hospital Molecular Oncology Research Center ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A11">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Vascular Surgery Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guimarães ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A12">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de São João Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A13">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Porto Faculty of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>240</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1646-706X2022000400237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1646-706X2022000400237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1646-706X2022000400237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects more than 202 million people worldwide, 1.3% of which with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI). PAD is associated with an elevated mortality and morbidity. However, the evolution from claudication or from asymptomatic PAD to CLTI is not completely understood and cardiovascular risk factors are unable to fully explain it. The aim of this opportunistic review is to understand the role of inflammation in the evolution to CLTI and to analyse if inflammation can increase the mortality risk.  Methods:  A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed with the keywords and medical subject heading (MesH): &#8220;inflammation&#8221;, &#8220;cytokine&#8221;, &#8220;prognosis&#8221;, &#8220;death&#8221;, &#8220;mortality&#8221;, &#8220;CLTI&#8221; and &#8220;CLI&#8221;. Of 146 papers, 8 articles and 1622 patients were included  Results:  We verified that inflammation is important for the initiation and progression of PAD. There are several candidate inflammatory triggers, including the cardiovascular risk factors (age, nicotine abuse, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia). However, these traditional risk factors, fail to explain the variable nature of disease progression between individuals and the pro-inflammatory polymorphisms could be a key element. Several studies also proved that patients with CLTI have a marked elevated level of cytokines. The increase inflammatory burden in patients with PAD, particularly with CLTI could explain the increased inflammation and may help to explain why the prevalence of clinically manifested coronary artery disease in PAD is much higher than the prevalence of PAD in coronary artery disease patients.  Conclusion:  Anti-inflammatory therapy and revascularization can avoid the systemic consequences of inflammation in patient with CLTI and should be timely implemented.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inflammation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[peripheral arterial disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chronic limb-threatening ischaemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cytokines]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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