1646-9895 1646-9895 S1646-98952020000500128 10.17013/risti.40.128-145 Portugal França Portugal Spain Spain 31 12 2020 31 12 2020 40 128 145

2019 2019 2017 17 1 1 31-57 2017 6 1 1 1-21 2020 1-20 2019 24 1-80 2019 2019 2016 14 1 1 14-23 2019 96 2 2 268-91 2020 2020 2018 78 212-29 2020 2020 1-27 2020 96 81-97 2006 30 1 1 133-56 2005 3 212-24 2002 31 373-93 2006 73 687-718 2009 13 1 1 1-35 2019 41 38 38 1091-130 2019 12 3 3 257-70 2019 12 3 3 271-87 2016 18 4 4 264-87 2020 8 64 2006 2005 1 29-48 2010 14 3 3 281-98 2011 79 453-97 2009 104 488 488 1609-20 University of California Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2020 2007 51 4942-56 2014 13 83-98 1992 87 419 419 659-71 National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine 2015 OECD 2017 2009 45 3 3 393-404 2005 133 1155-74 2020 E28 E28 97-109 2006 38 3 3 556-70 2017 33 1 1 48-60 2011 25 173-214 2012 56 9 9 2809-15