<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2182-3030</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[CIDADES, Comunidades e Territórios]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[CIDADES]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2182-3030</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, Centro de Estudos sobre a Mudança Socioeconómica e o Território]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2182-30302022000200071</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15847/cct.25238</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Políticas emigratórias, perceções e práticas de gestão dos regressos durante a ditadura portuguesa (1945-1974)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Emigration policies, perceptions, and practices of the returns management during the Portuguese Dictatorship (1945-1974)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yvette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,NOVA FCSH Instituto de História Contemporânea]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>86</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2182-30302022000200071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2182-30302022000200071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2182-30302022000200071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo pretende explorar o modo como o regresso dos emigrantes (ou a sua intencionalidade) foi concebido pelo Estado Novo. A bibliografia centrada nesta temática tem incidido no período posterior ao 25 de abril de 1974/à Revolução dos Cravos. Embora se tenham registado movimentos de regresso após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, evidenciou-se a inexistência de uma política estruturada com esse intuito por parte das autoridades competentes. Recorrendo às fontes históricas, o propósito do presente artigo é demonstrar os paradoxos entre o discurso e as diligências do Estado Novo. Para todos os efeitos, a questão do regresso esteve presente no pensamento e nas ações institucionais da ditadura portuguesa. Por um lado, a racionalidade aplicada na gestão das saídas legais a partir de 1945 revela uma preocupação em gerir o fluxo dos regressos desejados e indesejados. Por outro lado, a emigração para os países europeus permitiu reconsiderar o papel dos emigrantes regressados, dentro do quadro das mudanças de mentalidade institucional sobre a sua utilidade na sociedade de origem, uma visão que, ainda hoje, em democracia, repercute nas políticas migratórios do Estado português.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article aims to analyse how the return of emigrants (or their intention to return) was conceived by Estado Novo. Studies on return have focused on the period after 25th April 1974 and, although after the Second World War there were movements of return, it is considered that there was no clear return policy. The purpose of this article is to show that, despite the lack of this policy, the question of the return was present in the thinking and institutional actions of the Portuguese dictatorship. Using historical sources, it is intended to demonstrate, on the one hand, that the rationality applied in the management of legal exits from 1945 onwards reveals a concern with managing the flow of desired and undesired returns. On the other hand, emigration to European countries made it possible to reconsider the role of returnees, within the framework of changes in the institutional mentality about their usefulness in the society of origin, a vision that, even today, marks that of the Portuguese State on the return of emigrants.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[regressos portugueses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[movimentos transatlânticos e europeus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[política ditatorial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Portuguese returns]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transatlantic and European moments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dictatotial politics]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os Brasileiros. Emigração e retorno no Porto Oitocentista]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[s.n.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. da G. M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Benefícios e custos da emigração: introdução ao seu estudo]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Mão-de-Obra]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baganha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International labor movements: Portuguese emigration to the United States 1820-1930]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade de Pennsylvania]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bandeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Demografia e modernidade. Família e transição demográfica em Portugal]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Correntes de ouro. Emigração Portuguesa Para a Argentina em Perspectiva Regional e Transatlântica]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa do ICS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Passagens para África: o povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com naturais da Metrópole (1920-1974)]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Afrontamento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delaunay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La fin de l&#8217;empire colonial portugais : le processus d&#8217;intégration des retornados au Portugal (1975-2018)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dulphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Déracinés, exilés, rapatriés? Fins d&#8217;empires coloniaux et migrations]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>75-94</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bruxelles ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Peter Lang]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Compter les retours d&#8217;émigrants dans l&#8217;Italie du début du XXe siècle: conventions statistiques, libéralisme économique et politique publique]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>11-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enciso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[They should stay there, The story of Mexican Migration and Repatriation during the Great Depression]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lains]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os Progressos do Atraso. Uma Nova História Económica de Portugal. 1842-1992]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa do ICS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lázaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inmigración y retorno. Espanõles en la Ciudad de México, 1900-1936]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Marcal Pons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leeds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Labor export, development, and the State: The political economy of Portuguese emigration]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Boston University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murteira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emigração e política de emprego em Portugal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>258-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murteira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A criação do Serviço Nacional de Emprego]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>112-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emigração, retorno e reemigração na primeira metade do século XX]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>184</numero>
<issue>184</issue>
<page-range>837-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. T. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candeias P.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peixoto]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[J. Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malheiros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regresso e circulação de emigrantes portugueses no início do século XXI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociologia. Problemas e Práticas]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<page-range>11-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Ainda não sabe qual é o pensamento de Sua Excelência Presidente do Conselho». O Estado português perante a emigração para França (1957-1968)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domingos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O Estado Novo em questão]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>42-79</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições 70]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La dictature de Salazar face à l&#8217;émigration. L&#8217;État portugais et ses migrants en France (1957-1974)]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SciencesPo. Les Presses]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quel 25 avril pour les émigrés? L&#8217;État portugais et les migrants en France pendant la Révolution de &#338;illets ?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Migrance]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>43-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marques]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Góis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Portugal e Espanha, países para regressar: análise comparativa de políticas de recuperação de emigrantes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CIDADES, Comunidades e Territórios]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>44</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os Retornados: um estudo sociográfico]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poinard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emigrantes portugueses: o regresso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>75</numero>
<issue>75</issue>
<page-range>29-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. P. dos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Fundação do Instituto Nacional de Imigração e Colonização no segundo governo de Getúlio Vargas (1951-1954)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Eletrónica Discente História.com, Cachoeira]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Junta da Emigração e a política de emigração durante o Estado Novo]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade Nova de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Portuguese State and its emigrants: policy and practices in the repatriation of the minors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scutaru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Child Migration and biopolitics. Old and New Experiences in Europe]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>183-201</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Abingdon ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Retorno, Emigração e Desenvolvimento Regional em Portugal]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triadafilopoulo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schönwalder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How the Federal Republic Became an Immigration Country. Norms, Politics and the Failure of West Germany's Guest Worker System]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[German Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>1-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damilakou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venturas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discourses on Latina America: The Migration-Development Nexus]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venturas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International « Migration Management » in the early cold war. The Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>293-312</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Corinth ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of the Peloponnese]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Étrangers à la carte. L&#8217;administration de l&#8217;immigration en France (1945-1975)]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grasset]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La France immigrée. Construction d&#8217;une politique 1914-1997]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fayard]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
