<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2182-5173</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port Med Geral Fam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2182-5173</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2182-51732021000300233</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32385/rpmgf.v37i3.12852</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Opioides em ambulatório na dor não oncológica: uma revisão sobre os desafios da farmacologia no envelhecimento]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Opioids in the ambulatory setting in non-oncological pain: a review about the challenges of pharmacology in aging]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rocha-Neves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopes-Mota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teixeira-Veríssimo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dourado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marília]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,USF Barão do Corvo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Cuidados Paliativos de Gaia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de S. João Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto Departamento de Biomedicina Unidade de Anatomia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar Grupo de Estudos de Cuidados Paliativos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Serviço de Medicina Interna ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Unidade Curricular de Geriatria ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Centro de Estudos e Desenvolvimento de Cuidados Continuados e Paliativos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Unidade Curricular de Cuidados Paliativos e Terapêutica da Dor ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A11">
<institution><![CDATA[,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto Center for Health Technology and Services Research ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>233</fpage>
<lpage>241</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2182-51732021000300233&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2182-51732021000300233&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2182-51732021000300233&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Objetivos:  Sistematizar e contribuir para o melhor conhecimento das características farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas dos medicamentos opioides disponíveis em Portugal para o tratamento da dor não oncológica e, desta forma, contribuir para a escolha mais informada e adaptada ao doente, o que permitirá potenciar a eficiência, reduzindo a incidência de efeitos adversos.  Métodos:  Realização de uma revisão narrativa da bibliografia sobre esta temática, utilizando os termos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Analgesics, Opioid e Pharmacology, Clinical. Foram também utilizados os resumos das características do medicamento de todos os opioides disponíveis em Portugal, assim como as características farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas destes medicamentos registadas no DrugBank.  Resultados:  Selecionados 22 artigos para leitura, dos quais 14 são revisões da literatura, quatro manuais de referência e quatro normas de orientação clínica, para além da utilização das bases de dados do INFARMED e do Drugbank. No envelhecimento há uma diminuição de cerca de 50% da taxa de filtração glomerular dos 40 até aos 70 anos, obrigando a reduções de dose e cuidados especiais na utilização de fármacos eliminados por esta via, sendo que no caso dos opioides os únicos que não têm eliminação renal são a hidromorfona e a buprenorfina. São igualmente mais frequentes a obesidade central e o aumento da &#945;1-glicoproteína ácida, aumentando o volume de distribuição de fármacos lipossolúveis e de bases, como são os opioides, sendo que os únicos que não são lipossolúveis são a morfina e a hidromorfona. Relativamente ao metabolismo, para além de ocorrer uma diminuição do metabolismo de fase 1, a polifarmácia nos idosos é mais frequente, pelo que poderão ser preferencialmente escolhidos os opioides com metabolismo de fase 2, como o tapentadol, a hidromorfona e a morfina.  Conclusões:  O reconhecimento das características individuais de cada doente idoso, associado ao conhecimento da farmacologia básica de cada opioide disponível em Portugal, poderá garantir maior segurança e salvaguardar uma maior adesão à terapêutica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objectives:  Systematize and contribute to a better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of opioid drugs available in Portugal for non-oncological pain and contribute to a more informed and adapted choice for the patient, which will enhance the efficiency and reduce the incidence of adverse effects.  Methods:  A narrative review of the bibliography on this theme was done using the terms Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) &#8216;Analgesics, Opioid&#8217; and &#8216;Pharmacology, Clinical&#8217;. The Summary of Product Characteristics of all opioids available in Portugal was also used, as well as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of these drugs registered in the DrugBank.  Results:  Twenty-two articles were selected for reading, of which 14 are literature reviews, four reference manuals, and four clinical guidelines, in addition to the use of INFARMED and DrugBank databases. In aging, there is a decrease of about 50% in the renal function from 40 to 70 years old, forcing dose reductions and special care in the use of drugs eliminated by this route. Hydromorphone and buprenorphine are the only opioids that don&#8217;t have renal elimination. Central obesity and an increase in acid &#945;1-glycoprotein are also more frequent, increasing the volume of distribution of fat-soluble drugs and bases, such as opioids. Morphine and hydromorphine are the only ones that are not fat-soluble opioids. Regarding metabolism, in addition to a decrease in phase 1 metabolism, polypharmacy in the elderly is more frequent, so opioids with phase 2 metabolism, such as tapentadol, hydromorphone, and morphine, may be preferable.  Conclusions:  The recognition of the individual characteristics of each elderly patient, associated with knowledge of the basic pharmacology of each opioid available in Portugal, may ensure greater safety and safeguard greater adherence to therapy.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Opioides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Geriatria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Dor crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Farmacologia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Opioids]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Geriatrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chronic pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pharmacology]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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