<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2183-3575</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicação e Sociedade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicação e Sociedade]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2183-3575</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade - Universidade do Minho]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2183-35752021000100119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17231/comsoc.39(2021).2852</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Digital Rights During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Latin America]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Direitos Digitais Durante a Pandemia de Covid-19 na América Latina]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bizberge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Córdoba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Instituto de Estudios de América Latina y el Caribe]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>144</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2183-35752021000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2183-35752021000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2183-35752021000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article discusses digital rights during covid-19 pandemic. It offers a comparative analysis of the measures that affected digital rights to freedom of expression, access and privacy implemented by governments and private companies (internet service providers and internet intermediaries) between March and August 2020 in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. It also studies reactions from civil society and international organizations. The theoretical framework draws on human rights provisions about progressive and regressive policy making. The central questions are: how are digital rights of freedom of expression, access and privacy affected by companies and governments during the period under consideration in the three countries studied? How have civil society organizations and international organizations position themselves with regards to these digital rights? It is based on a comparative analysis of how government, private sector, and civil society stakeholders have responded to the information and communications technology governance challenges created by the pandemic, and how their governance responses have impacted human rights in the areas of freedom of expression, access, and privacy. Answering these questions is relevant to identify and understand the precedent that these strategies - developed in an exceptional context - could set for the post-crisis scenario, which exceeds the scope of this article. Conclusions show that public policies adopted during covid-19 varied in the three countries. However, in the three, both progressive and regressive measures can be identified. The companies developed regressive strategies, implemented some progressive but exceptional measures; while civil society and international organizations promoted progressive and long-term solutions.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Este artigo discute os direitos digitais durante a pandemia de covid-19. Propõe uma análise comparativa das medidas que afetaram os direitos digitais à liberdade de expressão, acesso e privacidade implementadas por governos e empresas privadas (fornecedores de serviço de internet e intermediários de internet) entre março e agosto de 2020 na Argentina, Brasil e México. Também estuda reações da sociedade civil e de organizações internacionais. A estrutura teórica baseia-se em disposições de direitos humanos sobre a formulação de políticas progressivas e regressivas. As questões centrais são: como os direitos digitais de liberdade de expressão, acesso e privacidade foram afetados por empresas e governos durante o período considerado nos três países estudados? Como as organizações da sociedade civil e as organizações internacionais se posicionam em relação a esses direitos digitais? É baseado em uma análise comparativa de como o governo, o setor privado e as partes interessadas da sociedade civil responderam aos desafios de governança de tecnologias da informação e comunicação criados pela pandemia, e como suas respostas de governança impactaram os direitos humanos nas áreas de liberdade de expressão, acesso e privacidade. Responder a estas questões é relevante para identificar e compreender o precedente que estas estratégias - desenvolvidas num contexto excepcional - podem abrir para o cenário pós-crise, que extrapola o âmbito deste artigo. As conclusões mostram que as políticas públicas adotadas durante a covid-19 variaram nos três países. No entanto, tanto medidas progressivas quanto regressivas podem ser identificadas nos três. As empresas desenvolveram estratégias regressivas, implementaram também algumas medidas progressivas, mas excepcionais; enquanto a sociedade civil e as organizações internacionais promoveram soluções progressivas e de longo prazo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[digital rights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[internet]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lockdown]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[direitos digitais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[internet]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[confinamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ACUERDO por el que se establecen las medidas preventivas que se deberán implementar para la mitigación y control de los riesgos para la salud que implica la enfermedad por el virus SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación, Secretaría de Gobernación]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Agencia Europa Press</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Funcionó el nuevo límite de reenvío en WhatsApp a una vez por chat? Los números dicen que sí]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Voz del Interior]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Anatel e setor de telecom firmam compromisso público para manter Brasil conectado]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a,</month>
<day> M</day>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Radiodifusores e empresas de streaming reafirmam seu compromisso com os serviços]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Posicionamento da Anatel a respeito da utilização de rastreamento de usuários de telecomunicações no âmbito de medidas no combate à pandemia de covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>c</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Decisão do TRF3 suspende liminar que proibia cortes e Anatel emite comunicado às prestadoras de telefonia fixa e móvel]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>d</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agudelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chomali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suniaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jordán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negrete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertolini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Callorda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las oportunidades de la digitalización en América Latina frente al covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Corporación Andina de Fomento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[American Convention on Human Rights]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Amnistía Internacional</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El debate público limitado: Trolling y agresiones a la libertad de expresión de periodistas y defensores de DDHH en Twitter Argentina]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Más cerca que nunca: Qué hacer para que nuestros movimientos se mantengan conectados e inclusivos - Respuesta de la Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones frente a la pandemia de covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertolini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El tráfico de datos registró incrementos de más del 25% en promedio en la última semana en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bizberge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Medios y covid-19 en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bizberge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Declaran servicio público en competencia a la telefonía móvil, acceso a internet y TV paga en Argentina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bizberge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los derechos digitales durante la pandemia covid-19 en Argentina, Brasil y México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>61-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Cámara Argentina de Internet</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declarar a la conectividad como servicio público solo traerá mayor concentración y menor competencia en el sector]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canabarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Qué podemos aprender sobre la resiliencia de internet en el contexto de covid-19?]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castells]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicacio&#769;n y poder]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sobre el &#8220;Proyecto de protocolo de ciberpatrullaje&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centro Estratégico Latinoamericano de Geopolítica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Geografía política del coronavirus en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerrato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D &#8216;Agostino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galdon Clavell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pombo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejerina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tecnologías digitales para la notificación de exposición en época de pandemia. Inter-American Development Bank]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The comparative method]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finifter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political science: The state of the discipline II]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>105-19</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[American Political Science Association]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[COLSECOR se expresó respecto al DNU 690]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Universalizar el acceso a las tecnologías digitales para enfrentar los efectos del COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Lineamientos para la elaboración de indicadores de progreso en materia de derechos económicos, sociales y culturales]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OAS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración conjunta sobre libertad de expresión e internet]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe anual de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos 2013. Volumen II. Informe de la relatoría especial para la libertad de expresión]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OAS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Esta&#769;ndares para una internet libre, abierta e incluyente. Relatori&#769;a especial para la libertad de expresio&#769;n de la Comisio&#769;n Interamericana de Derechos Humanos]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OAS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración conjunta del vigésimo aniversario: Desafíos para la libertad de expresión en la próxima década]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gui&#769;a para garantizar la libertad de expresio&#769;n frente a la desinformacio&#769;n deliberada en contextos electorales]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OAS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Pandemia y derechos humanos en las Américas]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OAS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[CIDH y su RELE expresan preocupación por las restricciones a la libertad de expresión y el acceso a la información en la respuesta de Estados a la pandemia del COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Covid-19: Los gobiernos deben promover y proteger el acceso y la libre circulación de la información durante la pandemia - Expertos internacionales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El equipo de científicos y científicas del CONICET que ya desmintió más de cien fake news sobre coronavirus]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Coronavirus: El mapa interactivo que muestra las medidas o distintos tipos de cuarentena que adoptaron los países de América Latina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Coronavirus en Argentina: El Gobierno modificará la app CuidAR para reforzar la protección de los datos personales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreto 690/2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreto nº 10.282, de 20 de março de 2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diário Oficial da União]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Estatuto de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federación Argentina de Carreras de Comunicación Social</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración en relación al DNU 690]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Frederic habló de &#8220;ciberpatrullaje para medir humor social&#8221; y desató otra polémica]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freedman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The politics of media policy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Polity Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fundación Gabo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Más de 100 stios para verificar desinformación sobre el covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fundación Vía Libre</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El derecho de autor ante la emergencia y el aislamiento]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Case studies and theory development in the social sciences]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghebreyesus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación frente a medicina: Hagamos frente a la Ginfodemiai]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El País]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fragoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pavarin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Covid-19: Apps do governo e seus riscos à privacidade]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[&#8216;Gripezinha ou resfriadinho&#8217; e outras 7 frases controversas de líderes mundiais sobre o coronavirus]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Iniciativa Ciudadana para el Control del Sistema de Inteligencia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La cibervigilancia masiva está prohibida]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Operadores de telecomunicaciones móviles ofrecerán acceso gratuito a contenidos oficiales sobre coronavirus]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Exhorto a las autoridades federales, estatales y municipales para que, en el ámbito de sus atribuciones, coadyuven a la continuidad en la prestación de los servicios de telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión ante la contingencia covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</collab>
<source><![CDATA[States of the region must accelerate universal internet access policies during the covid-19 pandemic and adopt differentiated measures to incorporate groups in vulnerable situations]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Bioethics Committee</collab>
<collab>World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Statement on covid-19: Ethical considerations from a global perspective]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unesco]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Many voices, one world]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unesco]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iosifidis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Global media and communication policy]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[New York University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katzenbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technologies as institutions: Rethinking the role of technology in media governance constellations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Just]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puppis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trends in communication policy research: New theories, methods and subjects]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>117-38</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Intellect]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La pandemia de covid-19 y la pulsión por la vigilancia estatal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lessig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Free culture. How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lijphart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative politics and the comparative method]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>682-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McQuail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La regulación de los medios]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Leicester]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Velden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The alternative epistemologies of data activism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Digital Culture and Society]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>57-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[App CuidAR: Los expertos piden cambios y más control sobre el destino de los datos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización Panamericana da la Salud</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Covid-19: Communication documents]]></source>
<year>0000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos</collab>
<collab>Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina</collab>
<collab>Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe</collab>
<collab>Unión Europea</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2019: Desarrollo en transición]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OCDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oszlak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estado y políticas estatales en América Latina: Hacia una estrategia de investigación]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEDES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasquali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las apps de movilidad, aliadas en la lucha contra el coronavirus en Latinoamérica]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pese a coronavirus pide AMLO &#8216;no dejar de salir&#8217; ni tomar medidas &#8216;exageradas&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Universal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piovani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krawczyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los estudios comparativos: Algunas notas históricas, epistemológicas y metodológicas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educação e Realidade]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>821-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bontcheva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[DISINFODEMIC: Deciphering covid-19 disinformation]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unesco]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bontcheva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[DISINFODEMIC: Dissecting responses to covid-19 disinformation]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unesco]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weckesser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[AlterMundi y la primera red comunitaria de Internet cien por ciento LibreRouter y extendida durante la pandemia de covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigaciones de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Protocol of San Salvador]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ragin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La construcción de la investigación social]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo del Hombre Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rangel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pandemia, censura y control a la libertad de expresión en internet.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Red de Carreras de Comunicácion Social y Periodismo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración de Redcom ante el DNU 690]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Creative Commons llama a reforzar el acceso abierto durante la emergencia sanitaria mundial]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Empresas de tecnología liberan patentes para el combate al covid-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Reporteros Sin Frontera</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis trimestral de Brasil. Cómo el presidente Jair Bolsonaro, intenta acallar metódicamente a la prensa crítica]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Reporteros Sin Fronteras</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Casi la mitad de países miembros de la ONU han dejado de respetar la libertad de prensa durante la pandemia]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resolución 867/2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[En tiempos de crisis todas las comunidades necesitan estar conectadas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Internet Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Where governments hack their own people and people fight back: 2018 in review]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiffrin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiffrin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In the service of power: Media capture and the threat to democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>1-8</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[CIMA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pandemic surveillance apps and privacy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Pandemic Surveillance, Privacy, Security and Data Ethics Virtual Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Pennsylvania, United States </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waisbord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Media Movements. Civil society and media policy reform in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zedbooks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waisbord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Between data capitalism and data activism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Television &amp; New Media]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sorj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Usos, abusos y desafíos de la sociedad civil en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desafortunado experimento natural muestra que Internet funciona]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Internet Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Télam lanza Confiar, una plataforma para enfrentar la información falsa sobre coronavirus]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Twitter adapta sus normas para atajar la desinformación y el contenido engañoso por el coronavirus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Diario]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Unesco</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resource center of responses to covid-19]]></source>
<year>0000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Unesco</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencias mundiales en libertad de expresión y desarrollo de los medios: informe regional para América Latina y el Caribe 2017/2018]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Disease pandemics and the freedom of opinion and expression. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1948</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Justiça permite corte de serviços de telecomunicações de inadimplentes]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B97">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waisbord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Covid-19 pandemic and biopolitics in Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masiero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Covid-19 from the margins]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>29-32</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Amsterdam]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B98">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Network neutrality, broadband discrimination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>141-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B99">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuboff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The age of surveillance capitalism]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Public Affairs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
