<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2183-3575</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicação e Sociedade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicação e Sociedade]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2183-3575</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade - Universidade do Minho]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2183-35752023000105003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17231/comsoc.43(2023).4135</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[When Can Compliments and Humour Be Considered Hate Speech? A Perspective From Target Groups in Portugal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Quando É que os Elogios e o Humor Podem Ser Considerados Discurso de Ódio? Uma Perspetiva dos Grupos-Alvo em Portugal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cláudia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Interactive Technologies Institute Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico Departamento de Engenharia Informática]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Investigação e Desenvolvimento  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2183-35752023000105003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2183-35752023000105003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2183-35752023000105003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article presents a qualitative study that examines hate speech (HS) from the perspectives of the most representative minority communities in Portugal, namely Afro-descendants, Roma, and LGBTQ+. The empirical research employed three focus groups, each with a representation of these communities (n=17), with the primary goal of investigating how members of these groups perceive and experience HS within the Portuguese social and geopolitical context. The results indicate that covert HS can be more detrimental than overt HS since the targeted individuals are often caught off guard and unsure how to respond, contributing to the continuation of systems of oppression and social decline. Additionally, our qualitative data show that covert forms of HS often manifest in the form of compliments and humour, common in various settings, such as the workplace, the media, and the online environment. These devices are communicative strategies anchored in both positive and negative stereotypes and may lead to the normalization of HS in Portuguese society. In this regard, this research draws attention to the significance of identifying covert forms of HS and devising strategies, such as counter-speech, to debunk them. Furthermore, it highlights the need for automatic detection of covert HS since these forms are prevalent in digital platforms.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo apresenta um estudo qualitativo acerca do discurso de ódio (DO) a partir das perspetivas de três comunidades minoritárias representativas em Portugal: afrodescendentes, pessoas de etnia Roma (ou cigana) e LGBTQ+. A investigação empírica envolveu a realização de três grupos focais, um com cada comunidade (n=17), tendo como principal objetivo investigar o modo como os membros desses grupos percecionam e experienciam o DO no contexto social e geopolítico português. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o DO indireto (ou encoberto) pode ser mais prejudicial do que o DO direto (ou explícito), pois inibe os mecanismos de reação por parte dos alvos, o que leva à perpetuação de sistemas de opressão e decadência social. Além disso, os dados revelam que as formas encobertas de DO manifestam-se muitas vezes como elogios e humor, sendo comuns no local de trabalho, nos meios de comunicação e no ambiente online. De facto, o elogio e o humor são estratégias comunicativas, ancoradas em estereótipos positivos ou negativos, que contribuem para a normalização do DO na sociedade portuguesa. Neste sentido, esta investigação alerta para a importância de identificar formas encobertas de DO e de desenvolver estratégias eficazes, como contranarrativas, para combatê-las. Por fim, destaca a necessidade de conceber sistemas de deteção automática capazes de identificar o DO indireto, dada a sua prevalência nas plataformas digitais.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[covert hate speech]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stereotypes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[compliment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humour]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hate speech targets]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[discurso de ódio encoberto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[estereótipos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[elogio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[humor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[alvos do discurso de ódio]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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