<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2183-5462</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Media & Jornalismo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Media & Jornalismo]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2183-5462</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigação Media e JornalismoFaculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas/Universidade Nova de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2183-54622025000100004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14195/2183-5462_46_4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Difusión en redes sociales de información errónea vinculada a la agenda de la extrema derecha. Análisis de las correcciones publicadas por los fact-checkers españoles. Misinformation spread on social media linked to the far-right agenda. Analysis of corrections published by Spanish fact-checkers]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vallés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pilar Jordá]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de València Departamento de Teoría de los Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Comunicación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>46</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2183-54622025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2183-54622025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2183-54622025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En los últimos años, la ultraderecha ha experimentado un proceso de normalización política acompañado de un creciente éxito electoral relacionado con la difusión de materiales desinformativos. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las características de campañas de desinformación vinculadas a la agenda de la ultraderecha difundidas a través de plataformas digitales. Para ello, se aplica un método híbrido de nueve variables a los 803 desmentidos publicados al respecto por los verificadores acreditados por la International Fact-Checking Network: Maldito Bulo (419 desmentidos), Newtral (164 desmentidos), EFE Verifica (159 desmentidos) y Verificat (61 desmentidos). Los resultados muestran que los bulos alineados con la agenda de la ultraderecha se difunden, principalmente, a través de redes sociales, sobre todo en las abiertas, con preponderancia de Twitter y Facebook. También se evidencia el predominio del engaño como estrategia discursiva a la hora de compartir contenidos de desinformación; emitidas por cuentas trol; con formatos multimedia básicos y protagonizados por la clase política con atribución negativa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In recent years, the far-right has undergone a process of political normalization accompanied by growing electoral success. This phenomenon has its origin, among other causes, in the dissemination of misleading content aligned with the agenda of right-wing extremism through the Internet. The objective of this research is to analyze the characteristics of the disinformation linked to the agenda of the far-right through digital platforms. To do this, a nine-variable content analysis is applied to the 804 denials published in this regard by verifiers accredited by the International Fact-Checking Network: Maldito Bulo (419 denials), Newtral (164 denials), EFE Verifica (159 denials) and Verificat (61 denials). The results show that falsehoods aligned with the far-right agenda are disseminated mainly through social networks, especially open ones, with a preponderance of Twitter and Facebook. The predominance of hoax as a discursive strategy when sharing misinformation is also evident; issued by troll accounts; with basic multimedia formats and led by the political class with negative attribution.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desinformación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ultraderecha]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[verificadores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[redes sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[engaño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Disinformation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[far-right]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[verifiers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social networks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hoax]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Vox</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[100 medidas para la España viva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vox España]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguado-Guadalupe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernaola-Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Verification in the Covid-19 infodemic. Neutral&#8217;s case study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>289-307</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albarracín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cajas Sarria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desviat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravindran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lizondo-Diaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las nuevas derechas: Un desafío para las democracias actuales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Icesi eBooks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aljrees]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Majeed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alnowaiser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abuzinadah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashraf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fake news stance detection using selective features and FakeNET]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLOS ONE]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estrategias de comunicación de la nueva extrema derecha española: De Hogar Social a Vox, del alter-activismo a la doctrina del shock]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de la Paz y el Conflicto]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>55-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aneja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Midoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dang-Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.-T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riegler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halvorsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niessner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adsumilli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bregler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[MMSys 21 grand challenge on detecting cheapfakes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[arXiv]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballesteros-Aguayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magallón-Rosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamuedra-Graván]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y factchecking en las elecciones en Francia de 2022: Guerra de Ucrania y polarización]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudos em Comunicação]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>193-213</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrientos-Báez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Renó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Imágenes falsas, efectos reales. Deepfakes como manifestaciones de la violencia política de género]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<page-range>1-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Livingston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>122-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bovet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Communications]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brantner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lobinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wetzstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of visual framing on emotional responses and evaluations of news stories about the Gaza conflict 2009]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>523-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Integración de la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa: ¿Cómo se hace?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[In-vestigación Cualitativa]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>97-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos-Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteve-del-Valle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Renedo-Farpón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rhetoric of parliamentary disinformation on Twitter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicar]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>72</numero>
<issue>72</issue>
<page-range>47-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuñón-Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estrategia de comunicación organizacional en redes sociales: Análisis electoral de la extrema derecha francesa en Twitter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profesional de la Información]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carratalá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Invertir la vulnerabilidad: El discurso en Twitter de organizaciones neocón y Vox contra las personas LGTB]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quaderns de Filologia. Estudis Lingüístics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>75-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carratalá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palau-Sampio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iranzo-Cabrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las amenazas según la ultraderecha y la ultraderecha como amenaza: El enmarcado electoral de 2019 ante la emergencia de Vox]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. López]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. Campos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Redes en campaña: liderazgos y mensajes en las elecciones de 2019]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>21-40</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Comunicación Social]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chesney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Citron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deepfakes and the new disinformation war: The coming age of post-truth geopolitics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colussi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación, política y religión: Un análisis de los contenidos compartidos por WhatsApp durante la campaña presidencial de Brasil en 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>477-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cornejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El pacto PP-Vox en Castilla y León: una ley de violencia «intrafamiliar» que borra la machista y una inmigración «ordenada»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[elDiario]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Creswell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plano Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diseño y realización de investigaciones con métodos mixtos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Publicaciones SAGE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Hoyo-Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Galera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Alfonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y erosión de la credibilidad periodística en el contexto de las noticias falsas: Estudio de caso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El filtro burbuja: Los peligros de la personalización web; El filtro burbuja: Cómo la red decide lo que leemos y lo que pensamos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Xihmai]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>29</numero>
<issue>29</issue>
<page-range>131-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Posverdad, fake news y extrema derecha contra la democracia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<numero>298</numero>
<issue>298</issue>
<page-range>75-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freelon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marwick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kreiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>369</volume>
<numero>6508</numero>
<issue>6508</issue>
<page-range>1197-201</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friggeri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adamic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lampe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rumor cascades]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las noticias sobre medioambiente en los medios de comunicación españoles verificados por la International Fact-Checking Network]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia y Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamir-Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarullo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predominio de las cheapfakes en redes sociales: Complejidad técnica y funciones textuales de la desinformación desmentida en Argentina durante 2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[adComunica]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>97-118</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamir-Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarullo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Características de la desinformación en redes sociales: Estudio comparado de los engaños desmentidos en Argentina y España durante el 2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Contratexto]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>203-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamir-Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarullo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibáñez-Cuquerella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La desinformació multimodal sobre l&#8217;alteritat a Internet: Difusió de boles racistes, xenòfobes i islamòfobes el 2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anàlisi: Quaderns de Comunicació i Cultura]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<numero>64</numero>
<issue>64</issue>
<page-range>49-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvat Martinrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigación sobre desinformación en España: Análisis de tendencias temáticas a partir de una revisión sistematizada de la literatura]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fonseca, Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>199-225</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvat-Martinrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y guerra: Verificación de las imágenes falsas sobre el conflicto ruso-ucraniano]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista ICONO14]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El impacto de las redes sociales en la desinformación: Un estudio sobre las fake news]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia y Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>123-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La verificación de datos en los medios de comunicación españoles: Rutinas, fuentes, herramientas y grado de formación de los periodistas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profesional de la Información]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La comunicación del miedo en la política de Vox]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ICONO14]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vox acaricia la idea del &#8216;sorpasso&#8217; ante la guerra interna del PP]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El País]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Deciding what&#8217;s true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guallar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Codina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freixa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Montoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación, bulos, curación y verificación. Revisión de estudios en Iberoamérica 2017-2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Telos Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios En Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>595-613</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guelmami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalifa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chalghaf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amayra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azaiez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bragazzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development of the 12-Item Social Media Disinformation Scale and its Association With Social Media Addiction and Mental Health Related to COVID-19 in Tunisia: Survey-Based Pilot Case Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JMIR Formative Research]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Coba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coba-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Diaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Á]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las noticias falsas y desinformación sobre el Covid-19: Análisis comparativo de seis países iberoamericanos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>237-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haddad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León Ranero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Selectividad étnica en el discurso migratorio de Vox: Entre el pragmatismo y el esencialismo]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Conde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Partidos emergentes de la ultraderecha: ¿fake news, fake outsiders? Vox y la web Caso Aislado en las elecciones andaluzas de 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Teknokultura. Revista de Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>33-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero-Diz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escolar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación de género: Análisis de los bulos de Maldito Feminismo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Icono14]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>188-216</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo-Cobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano Villalobos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puebla Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación en la guerra de Ucrania: Análisis de las agencias de verificación españolas en TikTok]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Doxa Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>19-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Humprecht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How do they debunk &#8216;fake news&#8217;? A cross-national comparison of transparency in fact checks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Digital Journalism]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>810-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IFCN</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Signatarios verificados del código de principios de la IFCN]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IFCN</collab>
<source><![CDATA[State of the Fact-Checkers]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krippendorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lava-Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El discurso populista de VOX en las Elecciones Generales de 2019: análisis comparativo de las agendas temáticas en televisión y Twitter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dígitos]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Córdoba-Cabús]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La desinformación en auge: un análisis de los bulos sobre política española. VISUAL REVIEW]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Visual Culture Review/Revista Internacional de Cultura Visual]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marín-Albaladejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capítulo 3. La polarización discursiva como estrategia de comunicación en las cuentas de líderes y partidos políticos en Twitter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Espejo de Monografías de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>51-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sádaba Chalezquer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano-Puche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-marco de la alfabetización digital: análisis comparado de marcos de competencias del Siglo XXI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<numero>79</numero>
<issue>79</issue>
<page-range>76-110</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayoral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación, manipulación y credibilidad periodísticas: una perspectiva histórica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia y Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>395-409</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The populist zeitgeist]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Government and Opposition]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>541-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñiz-Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navazo-Ostúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación visual en redes sociales y medios digitales: una propuesta taxonómica de la manipulación fotográfica distribuida durante la pandemia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CIC Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>77-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neuendorf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The content analysis guidebook]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAGE Publications, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fletcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arguedas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Digital News Report 2024]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is the age of impartial journalism over? The neutrality principle and audience (dis)trust in mainstream news]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism Studies]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>15</numero>
<issue>15</issue>
<page-range>2042-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olmos-Alcaraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación, posverdad, polarización y racismo en Twitter: análisis del discurso de Vox sobre las migraciones durante la campaña electoral andaluza (2022)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Methaodos. Revista de ciencias sociales]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palau-Sampio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carratalá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Injecting disinformation into public space: Pseudo-media and reality-altering narratives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profesional de la información]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palau-Sampio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Communication and crisis in the public space: Dissolution and uncertainty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profesional de la información]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palau-Sampio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carratalá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarullo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crisóstomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconocimiento de la calidad como prescriptor contra la desinformación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicar]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>72</numero>
<issue>72</issue>
<page-range>59-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El fact checking en España. Plataformas, prácticas y rasgos distintivos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1045-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGuinness]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCallum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nolan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Digital news report: Australia 2022]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[News and Media Research Centre]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pennycook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<numero>48</numero>
<issue>48</issue>
<page-range>12235-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capítulo 4. La cultura de la verificación periodística frente a la desinformación digital y sus efectos polarizadores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Espejo de Monografías de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>69-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boomgaarden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Swert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Vreese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clearer picture: The contribution of visuals and text to framing effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>997-1017</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boomgaarden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Swert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Vreese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fighting cheapfakes: Using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fighting cheapfakes: Using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of social media in spreading panic among primary and secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online questionnaire study from the Gaza Strip, Palestine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Heliyon]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. V. G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y sexismo digital. El feminismo y su agenda como objeto de engaño en español]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Icono14]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J. U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdú]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fact checking: Un nuevo desafío del periodismo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profesional de la Información]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>733</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rydgren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radical right-wing parties in Europe: What&#8217;s populism got to do with it?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Language and Politics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabater-Quinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belmonte-Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lloret-Irles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Respuestas públicas a la desinformación en la UE y España (2015-2023): Una cuestión abierta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sádaba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salaverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tackling disinformation with media literacy: Analysis of trends in the European Union]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<page-range>17-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salaverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Digital journalism in Spain: Technological, sociopolitical and economic factors as drivers of media evolution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1050-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salaverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bachmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magallón-Rosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y confianza en los medios: Propuestas de actuación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Index.Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>13-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salaverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buslón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Pan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Goñi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erviti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: Tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profesional de la Información]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanahuja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabadán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combatir la desinformación desde la gestión de fuentes: comparativa entre modelos periodísticos en el contexto del COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<page-range>446-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez del Vas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuñón Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disinformation on the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine War: Two sides of the same coin?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Humanities and Social Sciences Communications]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y Covid-19: Análisis cuantitativo a través de los bulos desmentidos en Latinoamérica y España]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodistico]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bueno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El dividendo del mentiroso: ¿Pueden los políticos alegar desinformación para evadir la rendición de cuentas?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<page-range>1-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palomo-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Whatsapping terror: How media applied instant messaging to cover Barcelona terrorist attack]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano-Puche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Salcedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trust, disinformation, and digital media: Perceptions and expectations about news in a polarized environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Profesional de la Información]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shephard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huhe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Everyday non-partisan fake news: Sharing behavior, platform specificity, and detection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>14</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strömbäck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsfati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boomgaarden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindgren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vliegenthart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[News media trust and its impact on media use: Toward a framework for future research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of the International Communication Association]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>139-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teira Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elías Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Roldán Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mateos Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pampín Quian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catalán Matamoros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carral Viral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuñón Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamora Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual de periodismo y verificación de noticias en la era de las fake news]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adeliyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies on online fake news detection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Information]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomboloni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tersigni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Martino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Festini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ciofi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Knowledge, attitude and disinformation regarding vaccination and immunization practices among healthcare workers of a third-level paediatric hospital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Italian Journal of Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaccari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stukal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nyhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SSRN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuñón-Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouzas-Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Extrema derecha europea en Twitter. Análisis de la estrategia comunicativa de Vox y Lega durante las elecciones europeas de 2014 y 2019]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación: Mediterranean Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ufarte Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murcia Verdú]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Plataformas independientes de fact-checking en España e Italia: características, organización y método]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Index Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>101-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imtiaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ullah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehmood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[On]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fake news stance detection using Deep Learning Architecture (CNN-LSTM)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Access]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>156695-706</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valverde-Berrocoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acevedo-Borrega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desinformación y multialfabetización: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicar]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
<page-range>9-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez Barrio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos Zabala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El contra debate de Vox en Twitter: boicot, ninguneo y mensajes antisistema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sphera Publica]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vosoughi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The spread of true and false news online]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>359</volume>
<numero>6380</numero>
<issue>6380</issue>
<page-range>1146-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Degli-Esposti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entrevista a Magis Iglesias, Pablo Hernández y Diego S. Garrocho]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dilemata]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>271-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B97">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wardle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Derakhshan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>1-107</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Strasbourg: Council of Europe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B98">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Axelrod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Lugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menczer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The COVID-19 Infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Big Data &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B99">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zules Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Construcción de un dataset de noticias para el entrenamiento y evaluación de clasificadores automatizados]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B100">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salaverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combatir las mentiras repetidas: Impacto de la verificación de hechos en persistentes falsedades de los políticos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medios y Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>12</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
