<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2183-5985</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Portuguesa de Nutrição]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Port Nutr]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2183-5985</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Associação Portuguesa de Nutrição]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2183-59852019000300010</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21011/apn.2019.1810</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Mentol - o ergogénico refrescante]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Menthol - the refreshing ergogenic]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teixeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vitor Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto Centro de Investigação em Actividade Física]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>18</numero>
<fpage>54</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2183-59852019000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2183-59852019000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2183-59852019000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O aumento da temperatura corporal é um dos principais fatores que contribui para a fadiga e diminuição da performance em provas desportivas. Por esse motivo, têm vindo a ser investigados métodos de arrefecimento corporal que visam contrariar a elevação da temperatura e potenciar a performance. Neste contexto, tem vindo a acumular-se evidência de que a ingestão de mentol pode potenciar o rendimento desportivo através de vários mecanismos não-térmicos. Entre estes, destaca-se a capacidade de ativar recetores de frio, reduzindo a perceção de calor aquando da prática de exercício intenso. Outros possíveis mecanismos incluem um aumento do volume de ar expirado, diminuição da perceção de esforço cardiopulmonar, efeitos analgésicos e efeitos estimulantes ao nível do Sistema Nervoso Central. No geral, a aplicação oral de mentol parece melhorar a performance no exercício de endurance realizado em ambiente quente e húmido, principalmente na parte final das provas. O mentol aparenta ser um composto seguro nas concentrações habitualmente usadas nos estudos em que se verificou potenciar a performance. No entanto, ao permitir prolongar o exercício para além dos limites térmicos normais, a suplementação com mentol poderá interferir no surgimento de respostas fisiológicas de proteção contra a elevação da temperatura corporal. Entretanto, é necessário testar os efeitos de concentrações maiores de mentol na performance e confirmar a sua segurança em atletas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Increased body temperature is one of the major factors contributing to fatigue and decreased performance in sporting events. In consequence, body cooling methods have been investigated to counteract the rise in temperature and enhance performance. In this context, evidence has been accumulating that menthol intake may enhance sports performance through various non-thermal mechanisms, notably through its ability to activate cold receptors and reduce heat perception during intense exercise. Other possible mechanisms include increased expired air volume, decreased perception of cardiopulmonary effort, analgesic and CNS stimulating effects. In general, oral menthol administration seems to improve endurance exercise performance in hot and humid environments, mostly at the end of a competitive event. Menthol appears to be safe at the concentrations commonly used in studies that observed ergogenic effects with this compound. However, by allowing exercise to be prolonged beyond normal thermal limits, menthol supplementation may interfere with the arise of physiological protective responses against rising body temperature. Meanwhile, it is necessary to test the effects of higher menthol concentrations on performance and confirm its safety in athletes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ergogénico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Exercício de endurance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Mentol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Nutrição no desporto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Recetores de frio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Termorregulação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ergogenic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Endurance exercise]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Menthol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sports nutrition,]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cold receptors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thermoregulation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><b>ARTIGO DE REVIS&#195;O</b></p>     <p>     <p><b><font face="" size="4">Mentol - o ergog&eacute;nico refrescante</font></b></p>     <p><strong>Menthol - the refreshing ergogenic</strong></p>     <p><strong>Fernando Ribeiro<sup>1*</sup>; Vitor Hugo Teixeira<sup>1,2</sup></strong></p>     <p><sup>1</sup>Faculdade de Ci&ecirc;ncias da Nutri&ccedil;&atilde;o e Alimenta&ccedil;&atilde;o da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal</p>     <p><sup>2</sup>CIAFEL - Centro de Investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o em Actividade F&iacute;sica, Sa&uacute;de e Lazer da Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto,</p>     <p>Rua Dr. Pl&aacute;cido da Costa, n.&ordm; 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal</p> <a href="#c0">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</a><a name="topc0"></a></b></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><strong>RESUMO</strong></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>O aumento da temperatura corporal &eacute; um dos principais fatores que contribui para a fadiga e diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da performance em provas desportivas. Por esse motivo, t&ecirc;m vindo a ser investigados m&eacute;todos de arrefecimento corporal que visam contrariar a eleva&ccedil;&atilde;o da temperatura e potenciar a performance. Neste contexto, tem vindo a acumular-se evid&ecirc;ncia de que a ingest&atilde;o de mentol pode potenciar o rendimento desportivo atrav&eacute;s de v&aacute;rios mecanismos n&atilde;o-t&eacute;rmicos. Entre estes, destaca-se a capacidade de ativar recetores de frio, reduzindo a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de calor aquando da pr&aacute;tica de exerc&iacute;cio intenso. Outros poss&iacute;veis mecanismos incluem um aumento do volume de ar expirado, diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de esfor&ccedil;o cardiopulmonar, efeitos analg&eacute;sicos e efeitos estimulantes ao n&iacute;vel do Sistema Nervoso Central. No geral, a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o oral de mentol parece melhorar a performance no exerc&iacute;cio de endurance realizado em ambiente quente e h&uacute;mido, principalmente na parte final das provas. O mentol aparenta ser um composto seguro nas concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es habitualmente usadas nos estudos em que se verificou potenciar a performance. No entanto, ao permitir prolongar o exerc&iacute;cio para al&eacute;m dos limites t&eacute;rmicos normais, a suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o com mentol poder&aacute; interferir no surgimento de respostas fisiol&oacute;gicas de prote&ccedil;&atilde;o contra a eleva&ccedil;&atilde;o da temperatura corporal. Entretanto, &eacute; necess&aacute;rio testar os efeitos de concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es maiores de mentol na performance e confirmar a sua seguran&ccedil;a em atletas.</p>     <p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong></p>     <p>Ergog&eacute;nico, Exerc&iacute;cio de endurance, Mentol, Nutri&ccedil;&atilde;o no desporto, Recetores de frio, Termorregula&ccedil;&atilde;o</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>  <hr>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>     <p>Increased body temperature is one of the major factors contributing to fatigue and decreased performance in sporting events. In consequence, body cooling methods have been investigated to counteract the rise in temperature and enhance performance. In this context, evidence has been accumulating that menthol intake may enhance sports performance through various non-thermal mechanisms, notably through its ability to activate cold receptors and reduce heat perception during intense exercise. Other possible mechanisms include increased expired air volume, decreased perception of cardiopulmonary effort, analgesic and CNS stimulating effects. In general, oral menthol administration seems to improve endurance exercise performance in hot and humid environments, mostly at the end of a competitive event. Menthol appears to be safe at the concentrations commonly used in studies that observed ergogenic effects with this compound. However, by allowing exercise to be prolonged beyond normal thermal limits, menthol supplementation may interfere with the arise of physiological protective responses against rising body temperature. Meanwhile, it is necessary to test the effects of higher menthol concentrations on performance and confirm its safety in athletes.</p>     <p><strong>keywords</strong></p>     <p>Ergogenic, Endurance exercise, Menthol, Sports nutrition, Cold receptors, Thermoregulation</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>  <hr>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><strong>INTRODU&Ccedil;&Atilde;O</strong></p>     <p>O organismo &eacute; muito ineficiente a transformar energia qu&iacute;mica dos alimentos em energia mec&acirc;nica, sendo que &gt;75% &eacute; dissipada como calor (1). Se o organismo n&atilde;o fosse muito eficiente a termorregular, atingir-se-iam temperaturas letais em apenas 4-8 minutos (2). De facto, para que possam manter-se operacionais, os &oacute;rg&atilde;os vitais da cabe&ccedil;a e tronco devem ser mantidos a temperaturas entre os 35-40&deg;C (3). Para que o equil&iacute;brio t&eacute;rmico seja mantido, &eacute; necess&aacute;rio que o ganho de calor seja equivalente &agrave; perda de calor, o que &eacute; conseguido atrav&eacute;s da termorregula&ccedil;&atilde;o (3). Caso a taxa de ganho de calor exceda a taxa de dissipa&ccedil;&atilde;o para o ambiente, este ir&aacute; acumular-se nos flu&iacute;dos e tecidos corporais, resultando num aumento da temperatura corporal (2), o que ocorre aquando da pr&aacute;tica de exerc&iacute;cio f&iacute;sico (1). Para que este excesso de calor seja dissipado, &eacute; necess&aacute;rio que seja transportado para a pele, onde poder&aacute; ser transferido para o ambiente envolvente, nomeadamente atrav&eacute;s da radia&ccedil;&atilde;o, condu&ccedil;&atilde;o, conven&ccedil;&atilde;o e evapora&ccedil;&atilde;o (1). Nesse contexto, o fluxo sangu&iacute;neo &eacute; redistribu&iacute;do para a pele e a ativa&ccedil;&atilde;o das gl&acirc;ndulas sudor&iacute;paras &eacute;crinas faz com que o suor seja secretado na superf&iacute;cie da pele, promovendo perda de calor por evapora&ccedil;&atilde;o do conte&uacute;do de &aacute;gua do suor (1). Se a evapora&ccedil;&atilde;o do suor n&atilde;o for capaz de contrabalan&ccedil;ar o aumento da temperatura corporal com o exerc&iacute;cio f&iacute;sico, o c&eacute;rebro desencadear&aacute; uma redu&ccedil;&atilde;o da intensidade ou a cessa&ccedil;&atilde;o volunt&aacute;ria do esfor&ccedil;o de forma a manter a homeostase t&eacute;rmica (4, 5). Contudo, a perda de um grande volume de suor para termorregular, se n&atilde;o for reposto pela ingest&atilde;o adequada de &aacute;gua, tamb&eacute;m poder&aacute; diminuir gradualmente o fluxo sangu&iacute;neo nos m&uacute;sculos exercitados (5). Esses fatores diminuem a capacidade de trabalho e prejudicam a performance no exerc&iacute;cio de endurance (6-9) pelo que s&atilde;o &uacute;teis todas as estrat&eacute;gias que contribuam para os contrariar. Entre as v&aacute;rias estrat&eacute;gias existentes que poder&atilde;o ajudar a prevenir o aumento da temperatura corporal, temos a aclimatiza&ccedil;&atilde;o, pr&eacute;-arrefecimento e arrefecimento, hiperhidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o com glicerol, reidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o durante as provas e outras (1, 10, 11). Por exemplo, verificou-se que a ingest&atilde;o de &aacute;gua fria e de granizados, antes ou durante o exerc&iacute;cio, bem como outras estrat&eacute;gias de arrefecimento corporal, podem promover uma melhoria significativa da performance no exerc&iacute;cio de endurance (10, 11). Tamb&eacute;m se sabe que alguns compostos presentes em alimentos t&ecirc;m a capacidade de ativar recetores de temperatura localizados (principalmente) nos nervos sensitivos do sistema nervoso perif&eacute;rico, suscitando dessa forma sensa&ccedil;&otilde;es de frio e calor (12). Por exemplo, a capsa&iacute;cina, um composto presente na pimenta, proporciona uma sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o de calor ao ativar os recetores de potencial transit&oacute;rio vanil&oacute;ide tipo 1 (TRPV1) (12). Ao inv&eacute;s, o mentol (C10H20O), um &aacute;lcool terpeno monoc&iacute;clico que ocorre naturalmente nas plantas da esp&eacute;cie Mentha (13), ativa os recetores de frio (12). O L-mentol &eacute; o is&oacute;mero que ocorre com maior frequ&ecirc;ncia na natureza e que exerce propriedades de arrefecimento n&atilde;o t&eacute;rmico mais potentes quando aplicado na pele e membranas mucosas, para al&eacute;m de produzir o odor caracter&iacute;stico de hortel&atilde;-</p>     <p>-pimenta (13-15). Este composto &eacute; usado, pelo menos, desde o Egipto antigo (16) e, atualmente, est&aacute; presente numa grande variedade de produtos de consumo, incluindo pasta de dentes, cigarros, rebu&ccedil;ados, pastilhas el&aacute;sticas, cosm&eacute;ticos, pesticidas e medicamentos para a constipa&ccedil;&atilde;o (13, 14). A concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de mentol varia de 0,001% a 2%, nos produtos orais, de 0,001% a 6% nos produtos de aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o t&oacute;pica e de 0,1% a 0,45% nos produtos inalados (17).</p>     <p><strong>Efeitos e mecanismos de a&ccedil;&atilde;o</strong></p>     <p>O mentol &eacute; o principal constituinte do &oacute;leo de hortel&atilde;-pimenta e tem a possibilidade de exercer v&aacute;rios efeitos fisiol&oacute;gicos ao se ligar a diferentes recetores. No entanto, os mecanismos fisiol&oacute;gicos que contribuem para os efeitos do frio e do mentol na performance do exerc&iacute;cio de endurance ainda n&atilde;o est&atilde;o completamente esclarecidos (11, 18, 19). Entre os putativos efeitos atribu&iacute;dos ao mentol, encontram--se os t&eacute;rmicos, os ventilat&oacute;rios, os estimulantes e os analg&eacute;sicos, por exemplo.</p>     <p><u>Efeitos t&eacute;rmicos</u>: O mentol &eacute; um agonista do recetor de potencial transit&oacute;rio melastatina tipo 8 (TRPM8), o principal detetor de frio ambiental (20). O TRPM8 &eacute; um canal i&oacute;nico transmembranar que, quando estimulado, permite o influxo de Ca2+ e Na+. Este canal possui quatro subunidades, sendo que cada uma possui seis h&eacute;lices transmembranares (S1-6). Os agonistas do TRPM8 ligam-se ao S2 causando o alongamento do S4 e, consequentemente, uma modifica&ccedil;&atilde;o conformacional que conduz &agrave; abertura do canal (21). Quando em contacto com a pele ou membranas mucosas, o mentol induz sensa&ccedil;&otilde;es de frio ao estimular estes canais (TRPM8), expressos nos neur&oacute;nios sensoriais A&delta; e C, que est&atilde;o presentes maiormente na cavidade oral, l&iacute;ngua, tecido broncopulmonar e derme superficial (13, 21-27). De notar que a cavidade oral &eacute; uma das partes corporais com maior densidade de recetores perif&eacute;ricos (28), podendo ser uma &aacute;rea mais sens&iacute;vel aos efeitos do mentol, comparativamente &agrave; epiderme (29). Posteriormente, essa informa&ccedil;&atilde;o sensorial &eacute; transmitida ao t&aacute;lamo, tronco cerebral e c&oacute;rtex somatossensorial (21, 30). Aqui, pensa-se que ocorre uma diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o percetual do stress e desconforto t&eacute;rmico que, por sua vez, diminui a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de esfor&ccedil;o, potenciando assim a performance (18, 31-34). Desta forma seriam minimizados os sinais inibit&oacute;rios enviados para os centros de controlo motor (35), bem como a quantidade de sangue redistribu&iacute;da do centro para a pele, mantendo assim a perfus&atilde;o sangu&iacute;nea para os m&uacute;sculos em atividade (31, 36). Tamb&eacute;m o volume de sangue ejetado e a frequ&ecirc;ncia card&iacute;aca permaneceriam constantes durante mais tempo (31, 36).</p>     <p><u>Efeitos ventilat&oacute;rios</u>: A administra&ccedil;&atilde;o oral de mentol causa uma sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o subjetiva de melhoria do fluxo de ar, provavelmente devido &agrave; estimula&ccedil;&atilde;o do nervo palatino maior (37) e de termoreceptores da mucosa nasal (37, 38), o que poder&aacute; diminuir o esfor&ccedil;o da respira&ccedil;&atilde;o (38, 39). causar hiperventila&ccedil;&atilde;o e, consequentemente, aumentar a capacidade de endurance (39). Ademais, v&aacute;rios estudos demonstraram que o mentol quando inalado &eacute; um potente broncodilatador, tendo propriedades antit&uacute;ssicas e atuando como descongestionante nasal (13, 40). Num estudo em animais verificou-se, ainda, que o vapor de mentol diminuiu a tens&atilde;o de superf&iacute;cie entre o ar e a &aacute;gua do surfactante pulmonar, aumentando o n&iacute;vel de complac&ecirc;ncia pulmonar (41). No entanto, n&atilde;o parece ter a capacidade de diminuir a resist&ecirc;ncia das vias a&eacute;reas superiores (37, 38, 42, 43), o que sugere que, a esse n&iacute;vel, o seu efeito ser&aacute; apenas percetual (42, 44).</p>     <p><u>Efeitos estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central</u>: Foi sugerido que o mentol poder&aacute; potenciar o estado de alerta atrav&eacute;s dos seus efeitos refrescantes e por promover uma maior sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o de fluxo de ar nasal que, por sua vez, poder&aacute; estimular a atividade cerebral (14). De fato, Smith e colaboradores verificaram que mascar pastilha el&aacute;stica com mentol se associava a uma melhoria do estado de alerta mental (45). Sullivan et al. comprovaram que respirar uma fragr&acirc;ncia de mentol, atrav&eacute;s de uma m&aacute;scara, aumenta o n&iacute;vel de vigil&acirc;ncia numa tarefa de aten&ccedil;&atilde;o visual prolongada (46). Por sua vez, constatou-se que o aroma a mentol aumenta a velocidade e o n&iacute;vel de precis&atilde;o em tarefas de datilografia (47). Em contraste, Zhang e colegas verificaram que chupar rebu&ccedil;ados de mentol n&atilde;o proporcionou efeitos ergog&eacute;nicos/nootr&oacute;picos durante uma simula&ccedil;&atilde;o de combate ao fogo (48).</p>     <p><u>Efeitos analg&eacute;sicos</u>: O mentol tamb&eacute;m demonstrou inibir o canal TRPA1 (49), um mediador da dor inflamat&oacute;ria (50). Apesar dos efeitos analg&eacute;sicos do mentol durante o exerc&iacute;cio ainda n&atilde;o terem sido investigados, alguns trabalhos verificaram que, ao diminuir a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de esfor&ccedil;o e a dor induzida pelo exerc&iacute;cio, o paracetamol e outros anti-inflamat&oacute;rios n&atilde;o esteroides t&ecirc;m potencial para aumentar o rendimento desportivo, uma vez que minimizam a ativa&ccedil;&atilde;o das estruturas cerebrais superiores (51). Com efeito, considera-se que a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o da dor tem uma influ&ecirc;ncia significativa no rendimento desportivo de alta intensidade (52) e &eacute; poss&iacute;vel que o mentol tamb&eacute;m possa exercer efeitos ergog&eacute;nicos atrav&eacute;s desse mecanismo (19, 53). Tamb&eacute;m &eacute; fact&iacute;vel que as sensa&ccedil;&otilde;es refrescantes proporcionadas pelo mentol possam representar um est&iacute;mulo &ldquo;novo&rdquo; que &ldquo;distraia&rdquo; o atleta do stress t&eacute;rmico e de pistas fisiol&oacute;gicas (34, 54), podendo ser vantajoso para o atleta envolver-se em estrat&eacute;gias dissociativas durante a execu&ccedil;&atilde;o de tarefas desportivas repetitivas, como o ciclismo (55).</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><strong>Propriedades ergog&eacute;nicas</strong></p>     <p>T&ecirc;m sido publicados v&aacute;rios trabalhos que demonstraram que o mentol tem propriedades ergog&eacute;nicas, sobretudo em exerc&iacute;cios de endurance (18, 19). Um artigo de revis&atilde;o concluiu que a pr&aacute;tica de enxaguamento bucal intermitente com mentol, durante o exerc&iacute;cio de endurance realizado num ambiente quente, parece beneficiar a performance neste tipo de atividade desportiva (19). Mais recentemente, foi quantificado numa meta-an&aacute;lise que a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o interna de mentol (enxaguamento bucal e/ou ingest&atilde;o oral) tem um efeito pequeno (~6%, entre 3 e 9%), mas significativo, na melhoria da performance de exerc&iacute;cio de endurance, tipo contra-rel&oacute;gio e tempo at&eacute; &agrave; exaust&atilde;o, e na diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o t&eacute;rmica e de esfor&ccedil;o (18). Sugere-se que &eacute; sobretudo na parte final de provas de endurance que a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o interna de mentol potencia mais a performance (31, 36). A concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de mentol usada na maioria dos estudos foi de cerca de 0,01% (18, 19).</p>     <p>A sua utilidade tamb&eacute;m tem sido testada noutro tipo de protocolos de exerc&iacute;cio. Assim, verificou-se que a utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma fita adesiva contendo 2 gotas de &oacute;leo de menta por debaixo do nariz permitiu realizar mais flex&otilde;es de tronco, correr mais r&aacute;pido (400 m) e uma tend&ecirc;ncia para uma maior for&ccedil;a de preens&atilde;o da m&atilde;o (56). No entanto, noutro trabalho, a inala&ccedil;&atilde;o de aroma a mentol (57) e a ingest&atilde;o de 5 mL/kg de extrato de hortel&atilde; (58) n&atilde;o proporcionaram melhorias em provas de contra-rel&oacute;gio de 400 m. Na mesma linha, a administra&ccedil;&atilde;o oral de L-mentol (0,01%) n&atilde;o parece potenciar a performance no sprint intermitente (59).</p>     <p><strong>Seguran&ccedil;a</strong></p>     <p>O mentol &eacute; uma subst&acirc;ncia lip&iacute;dica altamente sol&uacute;vel que, ap&oacute;s ser absorvida por via oral, atrav&eacute;s da pele ou epit&eacute;lio respirat&oacute;rio, &eacute; transportada para o f&iacute;gado atrav&eacute;s da circula&ccedil;&atilde;o (13). Embora possa ocorrer algum metabolismo de fase 1 na pele e trato gastrointestinal, a maior parte ocorre no f&iacute;gado, onde o mentol &eacute; hidroxilado por enzimas microssomais para formar sobretudo p-mentano-3,8 diol, que &eacute; posteriormente conjugado com glucuronido, que circula depois at&eacute; aos rins, para ser excretado atrav&eacute;s da urina (13).</p>     <p>Ao diminuir a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de calor, o mentol poder&aacute; prolongar a realiza&ccedil;&atilde;o de exerc&iacute;cio para al&eacute;m dos limites t&eacute;rmicos normais e interferir no surgimento de respostas fisiol&oacute;gicas de prote&ccedil;&atilde;o contra o aumento da temperatura corporal (19, 60). Para al&eacute;m disso, o enxaguamento bucal com flu&iacute;dos contendo mentol poder&aacute; inibir a sede, sobretudo quando se utilizam flu&iacute;dos frios (14), o que poderia reduzir a ingest&atilde;o de l&iacute;quidos, com potenciais efeitos negativos para a sa&uacute;de e performance (61, 62).</p>     <p>O relat&oacute;rio &ldquo;Eighty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives&rdquo;, recentemente publicado, aponta para um valor m&aacute;ximo de Ingest&atilde;o Di&aacute;ria Aceit&aacute;vel (ADI) de 4 mg/kg de peso corporal, obtido com base no n&iacute;vel sem efeitos adversos observados (NOAEL) de 380 mg/kg de peso corporal por dia proveniente de um estudo de 2 anos realizado em ratos (63). Tendo em conta o este valor de NOAEL e uma exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o alimentar estimada de 51,474 &mu;g/dia, em seres humanos, a FAO/WHO concluiu que o uso do mentol como agente aromatizante n&atilde;o constitui uma preocupa&ccedil;&atilde;o de seguran&ccedil;a (63), ainda que possam ser necess&aacute;rios mais trabalhos para definir um n&iacute;vel seguro para a sua ingest&atilde;o (13). Entretanto, estima-se que a dose letal oral para o ser humano seja de 50-500 mg/kg de peso corporal (64).</p>     <p><strong>Aplica&ccedil;&otilde;es pr&aacute;ticas</strong></p>     <p>A ingest&atilde;o de uma bebida e o enxaguamento bucal com mentol aparentam ter um efeito mais potente na performance do exerc&iacute;cio de endurance do que a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o externa, atrav&eacute;s de g&eacute;is ou sprays, por exemplo (19). Apesar de bastar bochechar e expetorar o mentol para se obter melhorias na performance (18), poder&aacute; ser prefer&iacute;vel ingeri-lo juntamente com um l&iacute;quido frio porque: 1) a sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o de frio na boca &eacute;, como expect&aacute;vel, mais intensa quando combinado com uma bebida fria (36); 2) um flu&iacute;do frio (4&ordm;C) diminui mais a tens&atilde;o fisiol&oacute;gica, a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de esfor&ccedil;o e aumenta mais a capacidade de exerc&iacute;cio no calor (65-68); 3) os flu&iacute;dos frios apesar de terem menor potencial refrescante e ergog&eacute;nico que o granizado (pasta) de gelo (31, 36), s&atilde;o mais f&aacute;ceis de ingerir durante o exerc&iacute;cio porque n&atilde;o t&ecirc;m consist&ecirc;ncia espessa (39, 69, 70) e t&ecirc;m menor probabilidade de causar desconforto gastrointestinal (71); 4) os flu&iacute;dos frios s&atilde;o habitualmente a op&ccedil;&atilde;o preferida (72); 5) ao estimular a via orofar&iacute;ngea, o ato de engolir diminui a sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o de sede e potencia a performance (73); 6) a ingest&atilde;o de flu&iacute;dos frios minimiza o aumento da temperatura central (74), promove um maior arrefecimento do c&eacute;rebro via transfer&ecirc;ncia direta de calor com o sangue nas art&eacute;rias car&oacute;tidas (31, 35) e pode atuar em termorreceptores na zona abdominal (75).</p>     <p>A presen&ccedil;a de solu&ccedil;&otilde;es de mentol na cavidade oral, em concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es de 0,095 a 0,105%, pode estimular os nervos palatino e trig&eacute;mio, o que por sua vez poder&aacute; promover o aumento da ventila&ccedil;&atilde;o (19, 37, 69, 76) diminuir a sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o t&eacute;rmica (69, 76), a sede (76, 77) e melhorar o n&iacute;vel de conforto t&eacute;rmico (31, 76). Para formular uma bebida com uma concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 0,01% de L-mentol, podemos, por exemplo, dissolver 1 g de cristais de mentol ((-)-menthol, Sigma Aldrich, Dorset, UK) em 100 ml de etanol, obtendo assim uma solu&ccedil;&atilde;o com uma concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1%. Posteriormente, dilui-se a solu&ccedil;&atilde;o de etanol-mentol, adicionando 1ml da solu&ccedil;&atilde;o em 100 ml de &aacute;gua, para obtermos uma solu&ccedil;&atilde;o final com uma concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 0,01% (76). Em alternativa, pode-se esmagar e dissolver um rebu&ccedil;ado de Halls Extra Strong, que cont&eacute;m 15 mg de mentol por rebu&ccedil;ado de 3,2g(78, 79), em cerca de 150 mL de &aacute;gua morna, para obter uma solu&ccedil;&atilde;o contendo cerca de 0,01% de mentol. Recomenda-se que os atletas testem diferentes concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es de L-mentol, tanto antes como durante o exerc&iacute;cio (19), uma vez que a resposta individual &agrave; aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o interna (oral) de mentol pode variar e ir&aacute; depender de fatores fisiol&oacute;gicos como a espessura do estrato c&oacute;rneo (80), do n&iacute;vel de quimiossensibilidade trigeminal (81, 82), e da exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o habitual a agonistas do nervo trig&eacute;mio (83, 84).</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><strong>AN&Aacute;LISE CR&Iacute;TICA E CONCLUS&Otilde;ES</strong></p>     <p>Embora existam v&aacute;rios m&eacute;todos para reduzir a temperatura corporal de atletas (11), a utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o da maioria deles poder&aacute; ser impratic&aacute;vel no decorrer de provas de endurance (85). Nesse sentido, o enxaguamento bucal ou a ingest&atilde;o de flu&iacute;dos contendo mentol durante o exerc&iacute;cio poder&aacute; ser uma estrat&eacute;gia eficiente para diminuir a perce&ccedil;&atilde;o de sensa&ccedil;&atilde;o t&eacute;rmica e potenciar a performance em atividades desportivas de endurance (18, 19) realizadas em ambientes quentes, sobretudo na parte final das provas (31, 36). No entanto, ainda s&atilde;o necess&aacute;rios mais estudos, nomeadamente que explorem e testem os efeitos fisiol&oacute;gicos do aumento progressivo da concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de mentol na performance (18), bem como das diferen&ccedil;as entre aplica&ccedil;&otilde;es &uacute;nicas ou repetidas, quando a carga t&eacute;rmica &eacute; elevada (18). Al&eacute;m disso, dever-se-&aacute; ter em conta os potenciais efeitos delet&eacute;rios da aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o de mentol, uma vez que a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da performance, aquando da exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o a temperaturas elevadas, poder&aacute; representar um mecanismo de defesa que visa proteger o organismo de les&otilde;es causadas pelo calor (86).</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><strong>REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</strong></p> <ol>     <li>Wendt D, van Loon LJ, Lichtenbelt WD. Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat: strategies for maintaining health and performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ). 2007;37(8):669-82. PubMed PMID: 17645370. Epub 2007/07/25. eng.</li>     <li>Hanna EG, Tait PW. Limitations to Thermoregulation and Acclimatization Challenge Human Adaptation to Global Warming. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):8034-74. PubMed PMID: 26184272. eng.</li>     <li>Margolis HG. Heat waves and rising temperatures: human health impacts and the determinants of vulnerability. Global Climate Change and Public Health: Springer; 2014. p. 85-120.</li>     <li>Noakes TD. Maximal oxygen uptake: "classical" versus "contemporary" viewpoints: a rebuttal. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1998 Sep;30(9):1381-98. PubMed PMID: 9741607. Epub 1998/09/19. eng.</li>     <li>Gonzalez-Alonso J. Hyperthermia impairs brain, heart and muscle function in exercising humans. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ). 2007;37(4-5):371-3. PubMed PMID: 17465611. Epub 2007/05/01. eng.</li>     <li>Gonzalez-Alonso J, Teller C, Andersen SL, Jensen FB, Hyldig T, Nielsen B. Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md : 1985). 1999 Mar;86(3):1032-9. PubMed PMID: 10066720. Epub 1999/03/06. eng.</li>     ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<li>Siegel R, Laursen PB. Keeping your cool: possible mechanisms for enhanced exercise performance in the heat with internal cooling methods. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ). 2012 Feb 1;42(2):89-98. PubMed PMID: 22175533. Epub 2011/12/20. eng.</li>     <li>Nybo L. Cycling in the heat: performance perspectives and cerebral challenges. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 2010 Oct;20 Suppl 3:71-9. PubMed PMID: 21029193. Epub 2010/11/05. eng.</li>     </ol>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>  <b><a href="#topc0">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</a><a name="c0"></a></b>     <p>Fernando Ribeiro</p>     <p>Rua da Certa&iacute;nha, n.&ordm; 143,</p>     <p>4630-247 Marco de Canaveses, Portugal</p> <a href="mailto:fernandoribeiro1393@gmail.com">fernandoribeiro1393@gmail.com</a></p>     <p>Recebido a 23 de maio de 2019</p>     <p>Aceite a 10 de setembro de 2019</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body><back>
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